Charles Beard: "Martin Luther:" Ch. 8--Luther and Latin Theology, 385ff.

These things fall with justification by Christ alone, by faith alone, by grace alone, by Scriptures alone and by the priesthood and kingship of all elect believers…as atonement and penitential payouts: “Benefactions to the Church, pilgrimages, devotion to relics, repetitions of the Rosary, fastings, self-mortifications, acquired a value in themselves until at last, in the practical corruption of the doctrine of indulgences, a pecuniary equivalent was substituted for them, and escape from the consequences of sin was publicly sold in the market-place” (384). “the superstition attaching to relics, places of pilgrimage, indulgences, popular miracles; the shameless immorality of Rome and the Papal Court; the oppressions and extortions practiced upon Germany in the name of ecclesiastical law and order ; the scandals of clerical celibacy ; the abuses of monasticism ; the decline of national morals” (385). Justification by faith alone is central to Luther, although, notably and pathetically, Baird omits the word “alone.” Luther was conscious that antinomianism was nearby, but he addresses that. Crede et manducasti, “Believe and thou has eaten,” Luther frequently cited from Augustine. This had implications for sacramentology and ecclesiology.