Edward Cairns, Ph.D.: Christianity Through the Centuries:" Ch. 20-Reviva...

20. Revival and Schism in the Church. 215-224.  During 800-1054, there were many developments in the East and Western Churches. The west saw certain reformatory impulses. The Donation of Constantine gave the Roman bishop grounds for large land and power claims. The conversion of Scandinavian in the early-to-mid 9^th century helped in bearing fruit in northern Europe, including Norway c. 1000. The doctrine of the propitiatory Mass, begun by Radbertus (proto-transubstantiation), yet contravened by Ratramnus (proto-Reformed and a expositor of double predestination) implied and resulted in Papist claims of potency and magic in Holy Communion. Various monastic Reforms, e.g., Cluny, loyal to the western Bishop of Rome, centralized under Rome, strengthened the Papal reach. Among a host of lousy Papal leader, some industrious and capable Popes extended the Papal imperium, e.g., Hildebrand or Gregory VII. In the East, long-simmering discontents resulted in the first Protestant schism, the split between Rome and Constantinople in 1054. At issue: Quartodecimian controversy, mandatory clerical celibacy, claims to universal dominion, images and icons, mutual recriminatory speeches and excommunications, and the famed filioque issue (the western “heresy” it was asserted) for an adjustment to the Nicene Creed. And they bore such “apostolic fruit and love.”