6 October 1536 A.D. Mr. (Rev.) William Tyndale strangled and burned. See Prof. David Daniell’s book.
6
October 1536 A.D. Mr.
(Rev.) William Tyndale strangled and burned.
See Prof. David Daniell’s book.
Daniell, David. The Bible in English: Its History and
Influence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003. http://www.amazon.com/The-Bible-English-History-Influence/dp/0300099304/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1385668294&sr=8-1&keywords=david+daniell+english+bible
Prof. David Daniell is Emeritus Professor of English at the
University College London. He is an
honorary Fellow of Hertford and St. Catherine’s colleges, Oxford. He has
authored articles and books on Shakespeare and the Arden edition of Julius Caesar. He edited the Penguin edition of William
Tyndale’s Obedience of a Christian Man. Yale
University Press published his editions of Tyndale’s
New Testament and Tyndale’s Old
Testament. He is also the author of
that magnum opus: William Tyndale: A
Biography. The latter is a
must-read.
PU Chapter 9, William Tyndale, 1494—1536, pages 133-159
Again, this is long, but should be digested and
memorialized. One saying is worth
memorializing from Tyndale: Rome is
afraid of the Bible and the Bible will pull down the Pope (whom we call the
Italian head-priest in Rome).
Prof. Daniell’s’ book is divided in “pre-printing” and
“post-printing” periods in England. In
the pre-print period: (1) Bible in Britain to AD 850, (2) the Anglo-Saxon
Bibles and glosses, (3) Wyclif and Lollards, and (4) the 14th-15th
centuries of severe Parliamentary, Canterburian, and Anglo-Italian repressions
of the English Bible. In the “post-print” period, Prof Daniel’s discussed: (1)
Erasmus’ Greek NT, 1516, with the Continent-wide explosion of vernacular
Bibles, (2) the effects in the English Reformation and, now, chapter 9, (3)
William Tyndale, AD 1494-1536.
By way of introduction, Prof. Daniell covers the: (1)
significance of the printed Bible in England, (2) Tyndale’s early years, (3)
Tyndale in Gloucestershire, (4) Tyndale in London, (5) Tyndale in Cologne, AD
1525, (6) Tyndale’s 1526 Worms NT, (7) Tyndale’s Parable of Wicked Mammon and The
Obedience of the Christian Man, (8) Tyndale’s Pentateuch, (9) Tyndale, More
and The Practice of Prelates, (9)
Tyndale NT expositions, (10) Tyndale’s 1534 NT, (11) Tyndale and Frith, (12)
Tyndale’s arrest and imprisonment, (13) the Inquisition (of the Italian agents
= Popes and facilitators), (14) Tyndale’s Martyrdom, and (15) Tyndale’s legacy.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF PRINTED BIBLE IN BRITAIN, 134-139.
The story of the Tudor Bibles used to be told as sacred
history. But, in 20th century scholarship, for some, the Bible was
“the foundation of monarchial authority…the textbook of morality and social
subordination” (134). (Hill, Christopher. The English Bible and the Seventeenth Century
Revolution. New York: Penguin Books, 1995, 5 Available at: http://www.amazon.com/The-English-Bible-Seventeenth-Century-Revolution/dp/0140159908/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386629716&sr=8-1&keywords=christopher+hill+the+english+bible.)
On the other hand, the Bible was also the handbook for
challenging monarchial absolutism. As Horace Greely would say centuries later,
“It is impossible to subjugate a Bible-reading people.” Add in the martyrs of the 2nd and
3rd centuries, loyal to their governors, but not willing to yield on
the sovereignty of the Risen Redeemer.
Hear! Hear!
In the late 20th century, the latest twist is the
denial of the Bible’s role. The
Anglo-Italians, or English-Italian types, have argued that there was no
Reformation except for the “high-powered destroyers” (135). The English Reformation was a “failure.”
Christopher Haigh is one such chap. Haigh, Christopher. English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Amazon.com offers the following: “`English
Reformations’ is the new approach to the study of the Reformation in England.
Christopher Haigh's reportedly disproves the facile assumption that the triumph
of Protestantism was inevitable, and goes beyond the surface of official
political policy to explore the religious views and practices of ordinary English
people. With the benefit of hindsight, other historians have traced the course
of the Reformation as a series of events inescapably culminating in the
creation of the English Protestant establishment. Haigh sets out to recreate
the sixteenth century as a time of excitement and insecurity, with each new
policy or ruler causing the reversal of earlier religious changes. This is a
scholarly and stimulating book, which challenges traditional ideas about the
Reformation and offers a powerful and convincing alternative analysis.” Available at: http://www.amazon.com/English-Reformations-Religion-Politics-Society/dp/0198221622/ref=pd_cp_b_2. Talk
about facile. On Haigh’s view, the
English Reformation was “wished on a reluctant nation by a faction at the Tudor
courts” (135), those Protestant guerillas and bullies. It avoids Patrick Collinson’s governing and
wider question: how did such a
ruthlessly and abusively Anglo-Italian country become so strongly and
permanently Anglo-Protestant?
Parishes, throughout the land, did
buy the Bible [Great Bible] and it was read too. The Bible was seeping into
English life. Up to 1539, 50,000 copies of Tyndale’s and Coverdale’s NT were
printed abroad and were for sale in London” (137). In 1535-38, Thomas
Swynnerton, in his handbook on rhetoric noted, “Every man hath a New Testament
in his hand.” While overstated, we feel, it caught a new mood and sense of the
role of the Bible in London—in vernacular, notwithstanding the Anglo-Italian
hostilities for “that pestiferous book.”
As Tyndale repeatedly said: “Rome is afraid of the Bible.”
In the 1530s, English speakers were
an unregarded minority, unlike today with the globalization of English. What
Tyndale bought “in blood and ashes” would one day be international, but little
could he or any other Englishman, King or otherwise, have foreseen that. While Tyndale was on the Continent in Germany
translating his Bible, a young man in Norwich was burned alive for having a
“piece of paper” on which was written “the Lord’s Prayer.”
Bishop Westcott, 1868, noted that
Tyndale’s “popular rather than literary” and “simple dialect” endowed the Bible
with “permanence” (136). Four fifths
(4/5s) of the KJV is Tyndale, 85 years later when “Shakespeare was at his peak”
(136).
While Latin was the language of
government, the professions and Anglo-Italians, Tyndale was giving a “strong
direct prose line,” a “Saxon vocabulary and “Saxon subject-verb-object” word
order, with “clarity and simplicity” (146).
Tyndale understood the “real source of power in the English
language…verbs at the center of verbal power.”
After all, he was a Master of eight languages (unlike any senior clerks
in the ACNA), walking in the fear of the LORD and with humility, who didn’t
impugn ploughboys as “swine.”
WILLIAM TYNDALE—EARLY YEARS, 140-141.
Tyndale was probably born in 1494
in Gloucestershire. His family was
prosperous and spread over Northamptonshire, Essex and Norfolk. He was
well-connected. Prof. Daniell notes that
Tyndale was—our word, Daniell talks of prosperity and connectedness—better bred
than other Anglo-Italians such as Tunstall, Wolsey, Stokesley and even More. He
took his BA at Magdalen Hall, Oxford in 4 JUL 1512. He took his MA on 2 JUL
1515. He began to read theology, but was appalled that this did not include the
Bible. He and some friends began reading and discussing the Bible. It is to be noted that Magdalen Hall had been
home to Erasmus. Also, Erasmus, the
international scholar, had been the Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity at
Cambridge, 1509. In March 1516, Erasmus
was in Basle and his Novum Instrumentum with
explosive Preface was
printed—the volume that motored the Continent-wide flood of vernaculars shortly
thereafter.
Tyndale became a tutor to the
children of Sir John and Lady Walsh at the Little Sodbury Manor. He may have
started his translation activity at this point. For the family and to their
growth toward reform themselves, Tyndale translated Erasmus’ Encchiridion militas christiani. It became a matter of family discussion. He
came to be in popular demand, preaching at St. Mary’s in Bristol. Bristol was a
center for Lollardy with a strong commitment to the Bible. Tyndale was accused
of heresy and was brought before the chancellor of the senior Anglo-Italian
priest. Several accounts of the meeting survive, including Tyndale’s. Tyndale
recalls the incident in his Prologue to Genesis, 1530: Tyndale said he was “threatened
grievously…reviled…and he treated me as a dog” (141). Other accounts survive. Even Thomas More in
London heard about it. There was “a lot of shouting,” but little else appears
to have developed insofar as documentation. One man in Bristol told Tyndale
that “the pope is the very antichrist” and “if you continued preaching the
Scriptures it will cost you your life” (141).
Well…the old man had it right…he understood official policy…it was the
policy of the King, Parliament, and the Anglo-Italians in Canterbury, York,
Norfolk, London and other sees rooted in Parliamentary and Church law—no
preaching with or from English vernacular “pestiferous” Bibles. Furthermore,
not even possession of vernacular Scriptures.
WILLIAM TYNDALE—LONDON, 142—143
Tyndale sought but was denied
permission to begin a vernacular translation after the fashion of Erasmus’
recommendations in the explosive Preface. Explosive as an idea—vernacular Bibles. Cuthbert Tunstall had been supportive of
Erasmus. But, he didn’t support Erasmus on this—no “pestiferous” vernaculars.
This part of Erasmus’ regime for renewal was not in the Anglo-Italian’s
program, however. He met with the Anglo-Italian in London about spring of 1523.
Letters of recommendation were sent from Sir John Walsh, but a response
indicated that “…there is no room in my lord of London’s palace to translate
the new testament [sic]” (141). No room
in a bishop’s “palace” to translate the NT?
Sound like “no room in the Bethlehem Inn for the birth of the Incarnate
Word. Who the hell believes that crock of brewing and juicy crap in the
crockpot of this Anglo-Italian?
Remember, Luther’s fame was widespread by this point and his German
“September Bible” had rolled off the presses in 1522. Tyndale was a master of
eight languages: Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Italian, Spanish, English, French and
German. No room in the palace? Yet, the Anglo-Italian had room at his palace
for horses and carriages. Room for a
bunch of horses, but not enough room for a translator of the Greek NT to
English. Welcome to Cuthbert Tunstall of
later fame as a burner of human beings.
Welcome to the Anglo-Italian Church of England in 1523.
Tunstall was preoccupied with
Parliament in 1523, the occasion of its first meeting in 8 years. Meanwhile, Tyndale was preaching at and
making connections with St. Dunstan’s-in-the-West on Fleet Street, London. The church hosted numerous prosperous
merchants in the textile business, including Humphrey Monmouth, who gave
residence to Tyndale. Tyndale “studied
most of the day and most of the night at his book” (143). Tyndale realized that
translating the Greek NT into the vernacular would not be allowed in London or
anywhere in England. The only option was
the Continent in some haven of safety and greater liberty…away from the hostile
Anglo-Italianate policy of the Church of England, Canterbury and London. In early 1524, Tyndale left for Germany with
support from Monmouth. Monmouth himself
would later run afoul of the Anglo-Italians in London in 1528.
WILLIAM TYNDALE—COLOGNE, 143-144
1516—Erasmus’ Greek NT is printed
with several print-reruns afterwards. By 1517, Luther is opposing the senior
clerk in Rome. In 1522, Luther’s “September Bible” was hot off the press. By
1525, Tyndale is in Cologne, Germany. By
this time, Tyndale has been accused of being an “arch-heretic Lutheran” (143).
Mozley believes Tyndale met Luther. (Mozley, J.F. Coverdale and His Bibles. James Clarke and Co., 2004. http://www.amazon.com/Coverdale-his-Bibles-J-Mozley/dp/0227172388/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1386639887&sr=8-1&keywords=mozley+coverdale+and+his+bibles and William Tyndale. London: Society for the
Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1937. http://www.amazon.com/William-Tyndale-J-F-Mozley/dp/B0010K2T4O/ref=sr_1_4?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1386640490&sr=1-4). Prof.
Daniell is not convinced, however.
Tyndale did have Miles Coverdale and the Observant friar William Roy as
assistants. He may have been joined by
John Frith. Peter Quesnell, an eminent publisher who would print any
respectable volume of any persuasion, including Tyndale, took to too much
wine. “Under the influence” Quesnell
told Cochlaeus (John Dobneck), a vitriolic and virulent anti-Lutheran, “the
secret by which England was to be brought over to the side of Luther”
(143). Palace intrigue inside the
Anglo-Italian house, as it were. The print shop was raided by Imperialists.
Tyndale and Roy escaped up the Rhine to a safe-city, Worms, Germany, home and
center for famous rabbinic studies and Hebrew Bibles. Cochlaeus reported that the print-run of
3,000—6,000 volumes had happened.
Matthew 1—22 made it into England, including the Prologue to Matthew,
largely (about 2/3s) a translation of Luther with Tyndalian flourishes.
WILLIAM TYNDALE—THE 1526 WORMS NT, 144-146
In late 1525,
both Tyndale and Roy were in the Lutheran-safe city of Worms. The NT was
completed in 1526, an “octavo pocket-size” and handy edition without prologues
or marginal notes. These published editions were smuggled down the Rhine and
into English and Scottish ports. This “alarmed English authorities” (144). Our Anglo-
Parable of
Wicked Mammon and The Obedience of the Christian Man, 146—149.
Tyndale was
probably living in or near Antwerp. On 8
MAY 1528—you guessed it. The Parable of Wicked Mammon was printed
in the customary small octavo, pocket-sized edition. Handy. Stealthy. Easily hidden. And dangerous since the
Anglo-Italian Empire feared exposure of the corruptions and abuses—de fide (doctrine), worship and
practice. The interrogations, however, by the Anglo-Italian Inquisitors in
England, Prof. Daniell tells us, were “much-sharpened” (146). It was officially
banned—again—as “heretical” on 24 MAY 1530. The Devils were screeching in dioceses.
The most
influential was The Obedience of the
Christian Man, published on 20 OCT 1528. The enemies of Tyndale and other
English Reformers were howling “sedition,” “heresy” and “treason.” Tyndale was wont to make two points
typically: (1) the supreme authority of the Bible in the church and (2) the
supreme authority of the King in the state.
A usual refrain for Tyndale was that, from the Pope down to the friar,
the “church was selling for money what Christ gave freely.” Tyndale takes the
time to attack the “dueling” and “competing” schools of metaphysics. It was widely read. The senior clerics
(called bishops) imputed “fifty-four articles of heresy” to Tyndale (146). These matters, Prof. Daniell tells us,
emerges in the interrogations of “humble people.” Ann Boleyn read the
publication. Henry VIII read it too, saying, “This is a book for me and all
kings to read” (146). So much for the
Anglo-Italian bishops in their Roman armor—the King of England put a dent in
the armor.
THE PENTATEUCH, 147—149
Rabbinic
schools flourished in Europe, notably at Worms. Tyndale may have learned his
Hebrew or more fully developed it there.
Worms was “the main centre of Jewish learning” (147). There were only 2
Hebrew scholars at Cambridge and they were not interested in translation
activity—hah, it would have violated church and state law. In JAN 1530, the English version of “The
First Book of Moses Called Genesis” with a Prologue was off the press; it also
included Exodus to Deuteronomy.
Incidentally, Tyndale was aged 36 and Cranmer was 47, laboring away
quietly in his Cambridge home while Tyndale was a fugitive. The Prologue spoke
of the need to “read day and night” but not just to “read and talk,” but to
“desire God day and night instantly to open our eyes” (148). Tyndale constantly warned about “disputers
and brawlers about vain words…ever gnawing upon the bitter bark” (148). He again opposes “barren scholastic
metaphysics” (148). This volume had 6
marginal notes for Genesis compared to Luther’s 72 for his German vernacular
edition; there 132 marginal notes for the Pentateuch; the senior priest in
Rome, the Pope, got 24 mentions; “The Pope’s bull slayeth more than Aaron’s
calf at Ex. 32.”
TYNDALE, MORE AND THE
PRACTICE OF PRELATES, 149—150
By 1528, Thomas
More—as well as the Anglo-Italian bishop, John Fisher—was a seasoned enemy of
Luther. Cranmer was still digesting
Fisher’s works.
By way of
digression.
Fisher, John. The English Works of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester
(1469–1535): Sermons and other Writings, 1520–1535, edited by Cecilia A. Hatt, Oxford University Press,
2002. It’s a bit pricey, but we believe
it will give insights. Mr. Fisher was an
international scholar. He was vigorously
combatting Luther and Oecolampadius in the 1520s. Where was Cranmer? Available at: http://www.amazon.com/English-Fisher-Bishop-Rochester-1469-1535/dp/0198270119/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1376193120&sr=8-1&keywords=english+works+of+john+fisher Another edition
that Ms. Hatt’s is available online: http://www.amazon.com/English-Fisher-Bishop-Rochester-1469-1535/dp/0198270119/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1376193120&sr=8-1&keywords=english+works+of+john+fisher Also, available
online, an 1877 edition of Fisher’s works, at: http://books.google.com/books?id=qV4Yv8RxRkEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=bishop+john+fisher&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3GUmUtj0GtC4sASb4oCYBg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=bishop%20john%20fisher&f=false
By 1528, the Anglo-Italian bishop of London, Cuthbert
Tunstall “permitted” More to read “heretical books” in order to attack
Tyndale. And attack he did. More, along with Tunstall, was “determined to
crush heretics if need be by fire” (149).
In JUN 1529, More published More’s
Dialogue Concerning Heresy. In Book
3, Tyndale’s NT was “demolished as heresy.” Tyndale was “worse than Luther”
(149). Tyndale’s offenses: “senior” for
“priest,” “congregation” for “church,” “love” for “charity,” and “repent” for
“do penance.” Tyndale issued a rejoinder in 1531 with An Answer unto sir Thomas More’s Dialogue; he condemns the church
for perversions of the Scriptures and its corruptions, subjects upon which
Tyndale notes More was silent. Then, in
1532, More launches the attack with his massive salvo—Confutation of Tyndale’s Answer. It was 10 books in length with 2000 pages and
over 500, 000 words. Book V impales
Robert Barnes (who’ll later go to the flames).
The other 9 books impale Tyndale.
Bottom-line: GAME ON!
Even Nicholas Harpsfield, an Anglo-Italian cleric, felt
More was “disordered” (148).
A brief digression on Harpsfield.
Harpsfield, Nicholas. The Pretended Divorce Between Henry VIII and
Catherine of Aragon. No location: Hardpress Publishing, 2013. It should be noted that Mr. Harpsfield was
also a Marian and Papal apologist, who wrote several volumes. During Mary 1’s reign (1553—1558) he
supervised 100s of criminal trials against Reformed Churchmen. Foxe says he was “pitiless.” He also replaced Mr. Cranmer’s brother as the
Archdeacon of Canterbury. He also wrote The Six Dialogues. Mr. Harpsfield did brig time under Ms.
(Queen) Elizabeth 1. The Pretended
Divorce is available at: http://www.amazon.com/Treatise-Pretended-Divorce-Between-Catharine/dp/131452285X/ref=sr_1_fkmr0_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1374952856&sr=1-2-fkmr0&keywords=nicholas+harpsfield+the+pretended+divorce+of+catherine+of+aragon It is
also available online at: http://books.google.com/books?id=z_gIAAAAIAAJ&dq=nicholas+harpsfield+the+pretended+divorce+of+catherine+of+aragon&source=gbs_book_similarbooks
Even Harpsfield
felt More’s diatribes were over-the-top. Tyndale was, according to Prof.
Daniell, “intemperately pilloried on every page” (148). One example suffices to illustrate the 2000
pages. Tyndale was a “hell-hound in the kennel of the devil…discharging a
filthy foam of blasphemies out of his brutish beastly mouth.” And on and on.
More does follow-ons with Apology and
Debellation of Salem and Bizance,” both
produced in 1533.
Tyndale put out
The Practice of Prelates in
1530. The word “practice” in Tyndale’s
time meant “trickery” (149). The Pope’s conspiracy was“ivy strangling the
nation’s tree.” By the way, he also
opposed Henry’s divorce to Catherine, something that would not augur well with
a Tudor despot. Tyndale was 36 years
old. Cranmer was 47.
Where was
Cranmer? The Reformation narrative may
need adjustment giving a great role to Tyndale and the Bible. We’ll ponder it.
NEW TESTAMENT EXPOSITIONS, 150—151
In 1530,
Tyndale also expanded his 1525 Cologne Fragment and turned it into a book: A Pathway to the Holy Scriptures. It was
a guide to reading the NT. Again, his NT
has already landed in English and Scottish ports. He also expounds on Paul’s
Romans, ever a dangerous volume to the Romanists.
In SEPT 1531,
he writes An Exposition upon the First
Epistle of John warning the reader of St. John’s injunction, “Little
children, beware of images…” Tyndale extends mockery to saint-worship and
statutes. Perhaps, Tyndale was thinking
of More’s intemperance, hostility and the burnings that had occurred. The Devil
wasn’t showing any love on English soil or in the souls of English diocesans,
notably, Canterbury and London.
In 1533, he
wrote An Exposition upon the V, VI, VII
Chapters of Matthew. He comments on
works that arise from faith as well as corrupt church practices.
The Brief
We capture something of
Latomus here: Declaration of the Sacraments was published posthumously in 1548 equating
“eating” with “inner faith,” a position for which Frith died earlier. A position that remains, in terms of the
Articles, the official position of the Church of England 450 years later
(amidst the other apostasies in fact).
Tyndale notes that he was “saved by the merits of Christ and not by
works, saints or masses” (149).
TYNDALE’S 1534 NEW TESTAMENT, 151—152
There were 4
re-issues of the 1526 Worms NT from Antwerp’s publisher, VanEndhoven. It is fair to say that the Continent assisted
and helped in the purging England of the Anglo-Italians…over time. The “demand was high in England” (151),
persecutors notwithstanding. The 1534 edition has a prologue for every book but
Acts and Revelation. Of interest, he
translates Luther’s Prologue to Romans.
One of these editions went to Ann Boleyn, the 3-year adulteress with
Henry and the mother of an illegitimate child, the future Queen of England,
Elizabeth 1.
83% of the KJV
NT will be the 1534 edition, 77 years later.
TYNDALE AND FRITH, 152
Tyndale
probably knew Frith in England. Frith and his family (married, a novelty for
English Reformers) were definitely with Tyndale in the Low Countries. Foxe will print 2 letters from Tyndale to
Frith in 1531 who, back in the Anglo-Italian diocese of London, is in jail. Tyndale’s letters are full of Scripture,
exhorting him to fidelity in the face of impending martyrdom (where’s old Tom
Cranmer?). He tells Frith to quote the Bible when the sacraments are
discussed. Frith gets a letter back to
Tyndale saying “he [Tyndale] was more worthy than all the bishops in England [hint,
hint including Cranmer, we must infer]…for his faithful, clear and innocent
heart” (152).
This brief
digression from Wikipedia on John Frith:
“Trial and death
“Frith was tried before many examiners and bishops, and produced his own writings as evidence for his views that were deemed as heresy. He was sentenced to death by fire and offered a pardon if he answered positively to two questions: Do you believe in purgatory, and do you believe in transubstantiation? He replied that neither purgatory nor transubstantiation could be proven by Holy Scriptures, and thus was condemned as a heretic and was transferred to the secular arm for his execution on 23 June 1533. He was burned at the stake on 4 July 1533 at Smithfield, London for, he was told, his soul's salvation. (King Henry VIII was excommunicated one week later.)
“Aftermath
“Thomas Cranmer would later
subscribe to Frith's views on purgatory, and published the 42 articles which explicitly denied purgatory. Frith's works were posthumously
published in 1573 by John Foxe.
TYNDALE’S
ARREST AND IMPRISONMENT, 153—154
Tyndale was safe in the house of Thomas Poyntz and his
wife. John Rogers had been the chaplain for English merchants since late 1534.
He was near finishing the OT. In spring 1535, a certain Henry Phillips, a
reported bully and ne’er-do-well, insinuated himself into Tyndale’s circle,
including Poyntz. The Anglo-Italian
diocesan, Stokesley, was the alleged orchestrator-in-the-background. Phillips, having squandered an inheritance,
was “for hire.” On 21 May 1531, imperial officers seized Tyndale. Poyntz’s home was raided and Tyndale’s books
and papers were confiscated.
Fortunately, John Rogers had the OT papers. Tyndale, however, was imprisoned in the
Castle of Vilvoorde, outside Brussels. He was in jail for 16 months. There was political-back-and-forth over
diplomatic privileges. But the Emperor,
Charles V, at court in Brussels, was not in much of a favorable mood following
Henry’s disgraces and disrespects to his aunt, Catherine of Aragon…not only a
divorce, but a most serious insult. (The
Pope would excommunicate old Henry but who cares about some senior priest’s
revilings in Rome?)
INQUISITION,
154—156
Tyndale was subjected to long exams. The procurer-general, the Inquisitor’s
office, was Pierre Dufief, a man known “for cruelty” (154). He was known as a “heresy hunter.” He was
driven “by large fees and getting a portion of confiscated properties” (154).
Tyndale’s crime was “Lutheranism.” Tyndale was a “great catch;” his downfall
“would remove heresy from England” (154).
He faced 17 commissioners and 3 chief accusers. He declined counsel and represented himself. One of the accusers was Jacobus Latomus,
another great “heresy hunter” from the new Romanist University of
Leuven/Louvain. Latomus had been a
long-time opponent of Erasmus as well as Luther. Tyndale defended himself,
quoting Scriptures. Latomus wrote a
“detailed record” published in 1550.
Some further info on Latomus here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_Latomus and some Latin works here: http://books.google.com/books?id=1b8wMwEACAAJ&dq=jacobus+latomus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E0ylUtHLF4zqkQey0IGoCQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBA and here http://books.google.com/books?id=YLpbAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=jacobus+latomus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PU2lUuadNJPQkQfu3YDQDA&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=jacobus%20latomus&f=false
Tyndale wrote his defense in a book Sola Fides Justificat Apud Deum, “justified by faith alone before
God.” Latomus was not trying to convict him of heresy; that had already been
decided; rather, the effort was to reclaim him to Italian theology. According to Prof. Daniell, Latomus was
polite and courteous to the 42-year old translator and fairly representing
Tyndale’s views. Commendable, gentility
and politeness just before the Inquisitors gather the brush, the logs and the
wood for the heretic’s stake.
During the imprisonment, Tyndale asked for warmer clothes
and some light for the evenings. He also
asked for the Hebrew Bible, a grammar, and dictionary (Reuchlin’s German
dictionary). The responses to the
requests are unknown. The jail-keeper,
his daughter and her family were converted from Italian to Reformed theology.
Even the generally hostile procurer-general, Pierre
Dufief, said, “Tyndale was a homo doctus,
pietus et bonus, a “learned, godly (reverent) and good.” (155).
Tyndale gave England 2 NTs, a Pentateuch, other OT books,
and pocket-sized books.
The Anglo-Italian senior clerk of London, Tunstall, was
replaced by Stokesley who “restarted the policy of burning heretics, not just
their books” (156). The Devils were
acting on both sides of the English Channel.
Even before Tyndale was arrested, he had no assurances
that his work was making progress. A
heavy-curtain kept intel from him. He was always in hiding. At times, he was
always shifting. He was a marked
man. He had no idea that 1000s of
versions would, in time, go around the globe.
English as a language was that of an unregarded minority…in one
sense. It was not the majority-language
of the Continent. He lived in the dank cell.
He walked by faith alone by God’s grace and might alone.
TYNDALE—MARTYRDOM,
156—157
He was condemned in 1536. He probably, like Cranmer and
his fellow clerks when they went to the stake, was publically and ceremonially
degraded from the priesthood—with the standard rituals. A great assembly gathered on 6 OCT 1536. The stake, the brushwood, and the logs of
wood were gathered. As a scholar, he was
strangled first. Then, he was
burned. Before death, he is said to have
prayed: “LORD, open the King of England’s eyes.”
John Rogers assembled all of Tyndale’s translations. They were—once again—printed by Matthew Crom
in Antwerp. Since Tyndale was a “heretic” Rogers retitled the title page with
“Thomas and Matthew” (for two disciples). 1500 copies of “Matthew’s Bible” were
imported to England and “sold out” (157). Within 2 months of Tyndale’s martyrdom,
the English Bible (2/3rds by Tyndale) was “licensed by Henry VIII and was
circulating” in England (157). In time,
the Geneva Bible (1560, 1576, 1599), ever popular, would come to the English
revisers for James 1, 1607-1611, producing the KJV
WILLIAM
TYNDALE: LEGACY, 157-158
Besides the NT, Pentateuch and the entire Bible in time,
3 volumes really put the squeeze on the Anglo-Italians: Wicked Mammon, Obedience, and his exposition of Romans. Tyndale’s importance cannot be
overstated. We are inclined to think
that Tyndale was the chief architect of the Reformation, not the waffled senior
clerk in Canterbury, Tom Cranmer. But,
that’s under review. What England had had with “fractions” and “tidbits” of the
Bible, Latin-saturated services for Latin-illiterate throngs, they now had with
an “entire Bible.”
On 22 JUN 1530, Henry VIII, in good Anglo-Italian
fashioned served as a ventriloquist for the senior priest in Rome. Henry said that Tyndale had “produced
pestiferous English books, printed in other regions…to pervert…the people…to
stir and incense them to sedition” (159).
As Tyndale frequently said, “Rome is afraid of the
Scripture… which will pull down papal authority” (160). Luther had said the same thing repeatedly.
But, by and by, the English Bible was unleashed in
England.
Comments
Post a Comment