September-November 1944 A.D. Battle of Peleliu—1st MARDIV & Army’s 81st Infantry Division: “A Time to Love and a Time to Hate”
September-November 1944 A.D.
Battle of Peleliu—1st MARDIV &
Army’s 81st Infantry Division:
“A Time to Love and a Time to Hate;” National Museum of the Marine Corps called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the
Marines".
Battle of Peleliu—1st MARDIV & Army’s 81st Infantry Division: “A Time to Love and a Time to Hate;” National Museum of the Marine Corps called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the Marines".
Battle of Peleliu
Contents
Background
Preparations
Japanese
American
Battle
Landing
The airfield/South Peleliu
The Point
Ngesebus Island
Bloody Nose Ridge
Aftermath
In popular culture
Honors and recognitions
See
also
Notes
References
Further
reading
External
links
The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II, was fought
between the United States and
the Empire of Japan in
the Pacific Theater of World War II, from September–November 1944 on the island of Peleliu, present-day Palau. U.S. Marines of the First Marine Division and later soldiers of the U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division, fought to capture an airstrip on the small coral island. This battle was part of a larger offensive
campaign known as Operation
Forager which ran from
June–November 1944 in the Pacific Theater of Operations.
Battle of Peleliu—1st MARDIV & Army’s 81st Infantry Division: “A Time to Love and a Time to Hate;” National Museum of the Marine Corps called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the Marines".
Battle of Peleliu
From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
Battle of Peleliu
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15 September 1944: The first wave of LVTs approach the beaches during the American assault on Peleliu. |
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Belligerents
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Commanders and leaders
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Strength
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Casualties and losses
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1,508 killed
6,635 wounded 36 missing 1st Marine Division: 1,300 killed 5,450 wounded 36 missing 81st Infantry Division: 208 killed, 1,185 wounded[1]:89 |
The Battle of
Peleliu, codenamed Operation
Stalemate II, was fought between the United
States and the Empire
of Japan in the Pacific
Theater of World
War II, from September–November 1944 on the island of Peleliu, present-day Palau. U.S. Marines of the First Marine Division and later soldiers of the U.S. Army's 81st Infantry Division, fought to capture an airstrip on the small coral island. This battle was
part of a larger offensive campaign known as Operation
Forager which ran from June–November 1944 in the Pacific Theater of Operations.
Major General William
Rupertus, USMC—commander of 1st Marine Division—predicted the
island would be secured within four days.[2] However, due to Japan's well-crafted fortifications and stiff resistance,[3] the battle lasted over two months. In the United States, it was a
controversial battle because of the island's questionable strategic value and
the high casualty rate, which exceeded all other amphibious operations during
the Pacific War.[4] The National Museum of the
Marine Corps called it "the bitterest battle of the war for the
Marines".[5]
Contents
Background
By the summer of 1944, victories in the Southwest and Central Pacific had
brought the war closer to Japan, with American bombers able to strike at the
Japanese main islands from air bases secured during the Mariana Islands campaign (June—August 1944). There was disagreement among the U.S. Joint Chiefs over two proposed strategies to defeat the Japanese Empire. The strategy
proposed by General Douglas
MacArthur called for the recapture of the Philippines, followed by the capture of Okinawa, then an attack on the Japanese mainland. Admiral Chester Nimitz
favored a more direct strategy of bypassing the Philippines, but seizing
Okinawa and Taiwan as staging areas to
an attack on the Japanese mainland, followed by the future invasion of Japan's
southernmost islands. Both strategies included the invasion of Peleliu, but for
different reasons.[6]
The 1st Marine Division had already been chosen to make the assault. President Franklin D. Roosevelt traveled to Pearl Harbor to
personally meet both commanders and hear their arguments. MacArthur's strategy
was chosen. However, before MacArthur could retake the Philippines, the Palau
Islands, specifically Peleliu and Angaur, were to be neutralized and an airfield built to protect MacArthur's right
flank.
Preparations
Japanese
By the summer of 1944, Peleliu Island was occupied by
about 11,000 Japanese of the 14th Infantry Division with Korean and Okinawan laborers. Colonel Kunio
Nakagawa — commander of the Division's 2nd Regiment — led the
preparations for the island's defense.
After their losses in the Solomons, Gilberts, Marshalls and Marianas, the Imperial Army
assembled a research team to develop new island defense tactics. They chose to
abandon the old tactic of stopping the enemy at the beach. The new tactics
would only disrupt the landings at the water's edge and depend on an in-depth
defense farther inland. Colonel Nakagawa used the rough terrain to his advantage,
by constructing a system of heavily fortified bunkers, caves, and underground
positions all interlocked into a "honeycomb" system. The old tactic
of the “banzai charge” was
also discontinued as wasteful of men and ineffective. These two tactics would
force the Americans into a war of attrition requiring more and more resources.
Japanese fortifications.
Nakagawa's defenses were based at Peleliu's highest
point, Umurbrogol Mountain, a collection of hills and steep ridges located at
the center of Peleliu overlooking a large portion of the island, including the
crucial airfield. The Umurbrogol contained some 500 limestone caves,
inter-connected by tunnels. Many of these were former mine shafts that were
turned into defense positions. Engineers added sliding armored steel doors with
multiple openings to serve both artillery and machine guns. Cave entrances were
built slanted as a defense against grenade and flamethrower attacks. The caves
and bunkers were connected to a vast system throughout central Peleliu, which
allowed the Japanese to evacuate or reoccupy positions as needed, and to take
advantage of shrinking interior
lines.
The Japanese were well armed with 81 mm (3.19 in) and 150 mm (5.9 in) mortars, and 20 mm (0.79 in) anti-aircraft cannons, and backed by a light tank unit and an anti-aircraft detachment.
The Japanese also used the beach terrain to their
advantage. The northern end of the landing beaches faced a 30-foot (9.1 m)
coral promontory which overlooked the beaches from a small peninsula, a spot
later known to the Marines who assaulted it simply as "The Point".
Holes were blasted into the ridge to accommodate a 47 mm (1.85 in) gun, and six 20 mm cannons. The positions were then sealed shut, leaving
just a small firing slit to assault the beaches. Similar positions were crafted
along the 2-mile (3.2 km) stretch of landing beaches.
The beaches were also filled with thousands of obstacles
for the landing craft, principally mines and a large number of heavy artillery
shells buried with the fuses exposed to explode when they were run over. A
battalion was placed along the beach to defend against the landing, but they
were meant to merely delay the inevitable American advance inland.
American
U.S. Marines in combat.
Unlike the Japanese, who drastically altered their
tactics for the upcoming battle, the American invasion plan was unchanged from
previous amphibious landings, even after suffering 3,000 casualties and two
months of delaying tactics against the entrenched Japanese defenders at the Battle
of Biak.[7] On Peleliu, American planners chose to land on the southwest beaches, due
to their proximity to the airfield on South Peleliu. The 1st Marine Regiment—commanded by Col. Lewis
B. Puller—was to land on the northern end of the beaches. The 5th Marine Regiment—under Col. Harold D. Harris—would land in the center, and the 7th Marine Regiment—under Col. Herman H. Hanneken—would land at the southern end.
The division's artillery regiment—the 11th Marines—would
land after the infantry regiments. The plan was for
the 1st and 7th Regiments to push inland, guarding the 5th Regiment's left and
right flank, and allowing them to capture the airfield located directly to the
center of the landing beaches. The 5th Marines were to push to the eastern
shore, cutting the island in half. The 1st Marines would push north into the
Umurbrogol, while the 7th Marines would clear the southern end of the island.
Only one battalion was left behind in reserve, with the Army's 81st Infantry
Division available for support from Angaur, just south of Peleliu.
On 4 September, the Marines shipped off from their
station on Pavuvu, just north of Guadalcanal, a 2,100-mile
(3,400 km) trip across the Pacific to Peleliu. The Navy's Underwater Demolition Team went in first to clear the beaches of obstacles, while U.S. Navy
warships began their pre-invasion bombardment of Peleliu on 12 September.
The battleships Pennsylvania, Maryland, Mississippi, Tennessee and
Idaho, heavy
cruisers Columbus,Indianapolis, Louisville, Minneapolis and
Portland,
and light cruisers Cleveland, Denver and
Honolulu,[1]:29 led by the command ship USS Mount McKinley (AGC-7) subjected the tiny island, only 6 sq mi (16 km2)
in size to a massive three-day bombardment, pausing only to permit air strikes
from the three fleet,
five light aircraft carriers, and eleven escort carriers
with the attack force.[8] A total of 519 rounds of 16 in (410 mm) shells, 1,845 rounds of
14 in (360 mm) shells, 1,793 500 lb (230 kg) bombs were
dropped on the islands during this period.
The Americans believed the bombardment to be successful,
as Rear Admiral Jesse
Oldendorf claimed that the Navy had run out of targets.[8] In reality, the majority of the Japanese positions were completely
unharmed. Even the battalion left to defend the beaches was virtually
unscathed. During the assault, the island's defenders exercised unusual firing
discipline to avoid giving away their positions. The bombardment managed only
to destroy Japan's aircraft on the island, as well as the buildings surrounding
the airfield. The Japanese remained in their fortified positions, ready to
attack the troops soon to be landing.
Battle
Landing
Routes of Allied landings on
Peleliu, 15 September 1944.
The Marines landed at 08:32 on 15 September; the 1st
Marines to the north on "White Beach 1 and 2", and the 5th and 7th
Marines to the center and south on "Orange Beach 1, 2, and 3".[1]:42–45 As the other landing craft approached the beaches, they
were caught in a crossfire when the Japanese opened the steel doors guarding
their positions and fired artillery. The positions on the coral promontories
guarding each flank attacked the Marines with 47 mm guns and 20 mm
cannons. By 09:30, the Japanese had destroyed 60 LVTs and
DUKWs.
5th Marines on Orange Beach
The 1st Marines were quickly bogged down by heavy fire
from the extreme left flank and a 30 foot high coral ridge, "The
Point".[1]:49 Colonel Chesty
Puller narrowly escaped death when a dud high velocity
artillery round struck his LVT. His communications section was destroyed on its
way to the beach by a hit from a 47 mm round. The 7th Marines faced a
cluttered Beach Orange 3, with natural and man-made obstacles, forcing the Amtracs to approach in column.[1]:52
The 5th Marines made the most progress on the first day,
due to cover provided by coconut groves.[1]:51 They pushed toward the airfield, but were met with
Nakagawa's first counterattack. His armored tank company raced across the
airfield to push the Marines back, but was soon engaged by tanks, howitzers,
naval guns and dive bombers. Nakagawa's tanks and escorting infantrymen were
quickly destroyed.[1]:57
At the end of the first day, the Americans held their
2-mile (3.2 km) stretch of landing beaches, but little else. Their biggest
push in the south moved 1 mile (1.6 km) inland, but the 1st Marines to the
north made very little progress because of the extremely thick resistance.[1]:42 The Marines had suffered 200 dead and 900 wounded.
Rupertus, still unaware of his enemy's change of tactics, believed the Japanese
would quickly crumble since their perimeter had been broken.[9]
The airfield/South Peleliu
A wounded Marine receives a
drink
On the second day, the 5th Marines moved to capture the
airfield, push toward the eastern shore.[1]:61 They ran across the airfield, enduring heavy artillery
fire from the highlands to the north, suffering heavy casualties in the
process. After capturing the airfield, they rapidly advanced to the eastern end
of Peleliu, leaving the island's southern defenders to be destroyed by the 7th
Marines.[1]:58
This area was hotly contested by the Japanese, who still
occupied numerous pillboxes. Heat indices [10] were around [11] 115 °F (46 °C), and the Marines soon suffered high casualties
from heat exhaustion.
Further complicating the situation, the Marines' water was distributed in empty
oil drums, and became contaminated with oil.[12] Still, by the eighth day the 5th and 7th Marines had accomplished their
objectives, holding the airfield and the southern portion of the island,
although the airfield remained under threat of sustained Japanese fire from the
heights of Umurbrogol Mountain until the end of the battle.[8]
American forces put the airfield to use on the third day.
L-2 Grasshoppers from VMO-1 began aerial spotting
missions for Marine artillery and naval gunfire support. On 26 September (D+11), Marine F4U Corsairs
from VMF-114 landed on the airstrip. The Corsairs began dive-bombing missions across Peleliu, firing rockets to open cave entrances for the infantrymen,
and dropping napalm; it was only the second time the latter weapon had been used in the
Pacific. Napalm proved useful, burning away the vegetation hiding spider
holes and usually killing their occupants.
The Point
Front line warning sign on
Peleliu October 1944
The fortress at the end of the southern
landing beaches (aka “The Point”) continued to cause heavy casualties due to
enfilading fire from heavy machine guns and anti-tank artillery across the landing beaches. Puller ordered Captain
George P. Hunt, commander of K Company, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, to capture the position. He approached The Point short on supplies,
having lost most of his machine guns while approaching the beaches. Hunt's
second platoon was pinned down for nearly a day in an anti-tank
trench between fortifications. The rest of his company was
endangered when the Japanese cut a hole in their line, surrounding his company
and leaving his right flank cut off.[1]:49
However, a rifle
platoon began knocking out the Japanese gun positions one by
one. Using smoke grenades for
cover, they swept through each hole, destroying the positions with rifle
grenades and close-quarters
combat. After knocking out the six machine gun positions, the
Marines faced the 47 mm gun cave. A lieutenant blinded the 47 mm gunner with a smoke grenade, allowing Corporal Henry W. Hahn to
launch a grenade through the cave's aperture. The grenade detonated the
47 mm's shells, forcing the cave's occupants out with their bodies lit
aflame as well as their ammunition belts exploding around their waists. A fire
team was positioned on the flank of the cave where the former occupants were
shot down.
K Company had captured The Point, but Nakagawa counterattacked. The next 30 hours saw four major counterattacks against a sole company,
critically low on supplies, out of water, and
surrounded. The Marines
soon had to resort to hand-to-hand combat and attrition warfare to fend off the Japanese attackers. By the time reinforcements arrived, the company had successfully repulsed all Japanese attacks, but
had been reduced to 18 men, suffering 157 casualties during the battle for The
Point.[1]:50–51 Hunt and Hahn were both awarded the Navy
Cross for their actions.
Ngesebus Island
The 5th Marines—after having secured the airfield—were
sent to capture Ngesebus Island, just north of Peleliu. Ngesebus was occupied
by many Japanese artillery positions, and was the site of an airfield still
under construction. The tiny island was connected to Peleliu by a small
causeway, but 5th Marines commander Harris opted instead to make a
shore-to-shore amphibious landing, predicting the causeway to be an obvious
target for the island's defenders.[1]:77
Harris coordinated a pre-landing bombardment of the
island on September 28, carried out by Army 155 mm (6.1 in) guns,
naval guns, howitzers from the 11th Marines,
strafing runs from VMF-114's Corsairs, and 75 mm (2.95 in) fire from
the approaching LVTs.[1]:77 Unlike the Navy's bombardment of Peleliu, Harris'
assault on Ngesebus successfully killed most of the Japanese defenders. The
Marines still faced opposition in the ridges and caves, but the island fell
quickly, with relatively light casualties for the 5th Marines. They had
suffered 15 killed and 33 wounded, and inflicted 470 casualties on the
Japanese.
Bloody Nose Ridge
A Corsair drops napalm on
Japanese positions atop Umurbrogol
After capturing The Point, the 1st Marines moved north
into the Umurbrogol pocket,[1]:81 named "Bloody Nose Ridge" by the Marines.
Puller led his men in numerous assaults, but every one brought on severe
casualties by the Japanese. The 1st Marines were trapped within the narrow
paths between the ridges, with each ridge fortification supporting the other
with deadly crossfire.
The Marines took increasingly high casualties as they
slowly advanced through the ridges. The Japanese again showed unusual fire discipline,
striking only when they could inflict maximum casualties. As casualties
mounted, Japanese snipers began to take aim at stretcher bearers, knowing that if two stretcher bearers were injured or killed,
more would have to return to replace them, and the snipers could steadily pick
off more and more Marines. The Japanese infiltrated the American lines at night
to attack the Marines in their foxholes. The Marines built two-man foxholes, so
one could sleep while the other kept watch for infiltrators.
One particularly bloody battle on Bloody Nose came when
the 1st Battalion, 1st Marines—under the command of Major Raymond Davis—attacked
Hill 100. Over six days of fighting, the battalion suffered 71% casualties. Captain
Everett Pope and his company penetrated deep into the ridges, leading
his remaining 90 men to seize what he thought was Hill 100. It took a day's
fighting to reach what he thought was the crest of the hill, which was in fact
another ridge, occupied by more Japanese defenders.
Trapped at the base of the ridge, Pope set up a small
defense perimeter, which was attacked relentlessly by the Japanese throughout
the night. The Marines soon ran out of ammunition, and had to fight the
attackers with knives and fists, even resorting to throwing coral rock and
empty ammunition boxes at the Japanese. Pope and his men managed to hold out
until dawn came, which brought on more deadly fire. When they evacuated the
position, only nine men remained. Pope later received the Medal
of Honor for the action. (Picture
of the Peleliu Memorial dedicated on the 50th anniversary of the landing on
Peleliu with Captain Pope's name)
Marine Pfc. Douglas
Lightheart (right) cradles his .30 caliber (7.62×63mm) M1919 Browning machine gun in his lap, while he and Pfc. Gerald Thursby Sr. take a
cigarette break, during mopping up operations on Peleliu on 14 September 1944.
The Japanese eventually inflicted 70% casualties on
Puller's 1st Marines, or 1,749 men.[1]:66 After six days of fighting in the ridges of Umurbrogol, General Roy
Geiger, commander of the III Amphibious Corps, sent elements of
81st Infantry Division to Peleliu to relieve the regiment.[1]:66 The 321st Regiment Combat Team landed on the western
beaches of Peleliu—at the northern end of Umurbrogol mountain—on 23 September.
The 321st and the 7th Marines encircled The Pocket by 24 Sept., D+9.[1]:75,81
By October, the 7th Marines had suffered 46 per cent
casualties and General Geiger relieved them with the 5th Marines.[1]:83 Col. Harris adopted siege tactics, using bulldozers and
flame-thrower tanks, pushing from the north.[1]:83–84 On 30 Oct., the 81st Inf. Div. took over command of
Peleliu, taking another six weeks, with the same tactics, to reduce The Pocket.[1]:85
On 24 November, Nakagawa proclaimed "Our sword is
broken and we have run out of spears". He then burnt his regimental colors
and performed ritual suicide.[1]:86 He was posthumously promoted to lieutenant general for his valor displayed on Peleliu. On 27 November, the island was
declared secure, ending the 73-day long battle.[9]
A Japanese lieutenant with his 26 2nd Infantry soldiers and eight 45th Guard Force sailors held
out in the caves in Peleliu until April 22, 1947 and surrendered after a
Japanese admiral convinced them the war was over.[1]:81
Aftermath
Marines in a hospital on
Guadalcanal after being wounded in the Battle of Peleliu
The reduction of the Japanese pocket around Umurbrogol
mountain has been called the most difficult fight that the U.S. military
encountered in the entire war.[12] The 1st Marine Division was severely mauled and it remained out of action
until the invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945. In total, the 1st Marine Division suffered over 6,500
casualties during their month on Peleliu, over 1⁄3
of their entire division. The 81st Infantry Division suffered nearly 3,300
casualties during their tenure on the island.
Postwar statisticians calculated that it took US forces
over 1500 rounds of ammunition to kill each Japanese defender, and that during
the course of the battle, the Americans expended 13.32 million rounds of
30-calibre, 1.52 million rounds of 45-calibre, 693,657 rounds of 50-calibre
bullets, 118,262 hand grenades and approximately 150,000 mortar rounds.[8]
The battle was controversial due to the island's lack of
strategic value and the high casualty rate. The defenders lacked the means to
interfere with potential US operations in the Philippines,[8] and the airfield captured on Peleliu never played a key role in subsequent
operations. The high casualty rate exceeded all other amphibious operations
during the Pacific War.[4]
Instead, the Ulithi
Atoll in the Caroline
Islands was used as a staging base for the invasion of Okinawa.
In addition, few news reports were published about the battle because Rupertus'
prediction of a "three days" victory motivated only six reporters to
report from shore. The battle was also overshadowed by MacArthur's return
to the Philippines and the Allies' push towards Germany in Europe.
The battles
for Angaur and Peleliu showed Americans the pattern of future
Japanese island defense which would be seen again at Iwo Jima and
Okinawa.[13] Naval bombardment prior to amphibious assault at Iwo Jima was only
slightly more effective than at Peleliu, but at Okinawa the preliminary
shelling was much improved.[14] Frogmen performing underwater demolition at Iwo Jima confused the enemy by sweeping both coasts, but later alerted
Japanese defenders to the exact assault beaches at Okinawa.[14] American ground forces at Peleliu gained experience in assaulting heavily
fortified positions such as they would find again at Okinawa.[15]
On the recommendation of Admiral William F. Halsey, Jr., the planned occupation of Yap Island in the Caroline Islands was canceled. Halsey actually recommended
that the landings on Peleliu and Angaur be canceled, too, and their Marines and
soldiers be thrown into Leyte
Island instead, but was overruled by Nimitz.[16]
In popular culture
Battle of Peleliu is featured in many World War II themed
video games including Call of Duty: World at War. The player takes the role of a US Marine forced to take Peleliu Airfield,
repel counter-attacks, destroy machine-gun and mortar positions and eventually
secure Japanese artillery emplacements. In flight-simulation game War
Thunder, two teams of players clash to hold the southern and
northern airfields. In multi-player shooter Red Orchestra 2: Rising Storm, a team of American troops attack the defensive Japanese team's control
points.
In Shaman King Flowers, a manga series sequel to Shaman
King by Hirouki Takei, in Chapter 19 (Death Zero) the main character Asakura
Hana has entered into a "mini Asura realm" with a spirit of a
Japanese Navy (Sub-Lieutenant Sakurai, 309th Naval Air Division, 801 Squadron)
who is fixing his crashed plane. Not realizing he has been dead and in his only
"society" inside the Great Spirit (G.S for short), he gathers the
scattered parts of his Zero Fighter with Hana, and as they were about to head
to sleep, the U.S Army's 82nd Infantry Division arrived.
Honors and recognitions
Richard Kraus* killed in
action, aged 18.
The nation's highest award, the Medal
of Honor, was presented to eight Marines in the fight for
Peleliu, five of whom were decorated posthumously (indicated by *):
See
also
·
Damien Parer, Australian war photographer killed on September
17 while filming a Marine advance.[18]
·
Hell
in the Pacific: A Marine Rifleman's Journey From Guadalcanal to Peleliu written
by Jim McEnery
·
The
Breaking Jewel, a novel
by Makoto Oda, translated by Donald Keene, which looks at the battle from the Japanese
perspective
·
Battleground Pacific: A Marine Rifleman
Combat Odyssey in K/3/5, a memoir of the battle written by Sterling Mace, Nick Allen.
·
Victory At Peleliu, The 81st Infantry
Division's Pacific Campaign by Bobby C. Blair and John Peter DeCioccio.
Notes
1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Moran, J. and Rottman, G.L., 2002, Peleliu 1944, Oxford:
Osprey Publishing Ltd., ISBN 1841765120
3.
Jump up ^ Video: Third Army blasts
Nazi Strongholds, 1944/11/02 (1944). Universal Newsreel. 1944. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
5.
Jump up ^ "World War II: Central
Pacific Campaigns: Peleliu". National Museum of the Marine Corps. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
12.
^ Jump up to: a b Hough,
Major Frank O., USMC. "Chapter V: A Horrible Place". The Seizure of Peleliu.
USMC Historical Monograph. Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S.
Marine Corps. p. 94. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
16.
Jump up ^ Hough,
Major Frank O., USMC. "Appendix B – STALEMATE II and the Philippines
Campaign". The Seizure of Peleliu. USMC Historical Monograph.
Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.
17.
Jump up ^ "National Register
Information System". National Register of
Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
18.
Jump up ^ "Australia's War 1939–1945:
Parer's Last Reel". Australian Government
Department of Veterans' Affairs. Archived
from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
References
·
Alexander, Joseph H. (1997). Storm Landings:
Epic Amphibious Battles in the Central Pacific. ISBN 1557500320.
·
Alexander, Joseph H. (1997). "Heading for the
Philippines". The Battle History of the U.S. Marines: A Fellowship of
Valor. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0060931094.
·
Blair,
Bobby C., and John Peter DeCioccio. Victory at Peleliu: The 81st Infantry
Division's Pacific Campaign (University of Oklahoma Press; 2011) 310 pages
·
Hallas, James H. (1994). The Devil's Anvil: The
Assault on Peleliu. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275946460.
·
Hastings, Max (2009). Retribution: The Battle
for Japan, 1944-45. Vintage Reprint edition. ISBN 0307275361.
·
Morison,
Samuel Eliot (1958). Leyte: June 1944 – January 1945, vol. 12 of History of United States Naval
Operations in World War II. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316583170.
·
Rottman, Gordon; Howard Gerrard (2002). Peleliu
1944: The Forgotten Corner Of Hell. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841765120.
·
Sledge, Eugene B. (1990). With
the Old Breed: At Peleliu And Okinawa. Oxford University
Press. ISBN 0195067142.
·
Sloan, Bill (2005). Brotherhood of Heroes: The
Marines at Peleliu, 1944 – The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War. Simon
& Schuster. ISBN 0743260090.
·
Wright, Derrick (2005). To the Far Side of
Hell: The Battle for Peleliu, 1944. Fire Ant Books. ISBN 0817352813.
Further
reading
·
Camp, Dick (2009). Last Man Standing: The 1st
Marine Regiment on Peleliu, September 15–21, 1944. Zenith Press. ISBN 0760334935.
·
Hallas, James H. (1994). The Devil's Anvil: The
Assault on Peleliu. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0275946460.
·
Sloan, Bill (2005). Brotherhood of Heroes: The
Marines at Peleliu, 1944 – The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War. Simon
and Schuster. ISBN 0743260090.
External
links
|
·
Anderson, Charles R. Western Pacific. The U.S. Army
Campaigns of World War II. United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 72-29.
Retrieved 2006-12-19.
·
Burbeck, James (2008). "Invasion of Peleliu". Animated Combat Map. The War
Times Journal. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
·
Chen, C. Peter (2007). "Palau Islands and Ulithi Islands
Campaign". World War II Database. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.
Retrieved 2007-10-19.
·
Hough, Frank O. (1950). "The Assault on Peleliu (The Seizure
of Peleliu)". USMC Historical Monograph. Historical
Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.
Retrieved 2006-12-19.
·
Smith, Robert Ross (1996). "The Approach to the
Philippines". United States Army in World War II: The War
in the Pacific. United States Army Center of Military History.
Retrieved 2006-12-19.
·
Shread, Paul (2014). "The Battle of Peleliu and the scars
of war". The Concord Monitor. Retrieved 2014-09-18.
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