28 September 1978 A.D. John Paul 1 Dies—Rome’s 263rd; 33 Days in Office; Vice Rector of Belluno Seminary; Doctorate of Sacred Theology from Gregorian University; Archpriest of San Marco, Venice; Post-Vatican Factions
28
September 1978 A.D. John Paul 1 Dies—Rome’s 263rd;
33 Days in Office; Vice Rector of Belluno Seminary; Doctorate of Sacred
Theology from Gregorian University; Archpriest of San Marco, Venice; Post-Vatican Factions; Wants to “Humanize”
Papacy; Views of Contraception, Abortion
& Homoerotica; 1st to Abandon Coronation and 1st to
Take Double-Name; Last to Use Sede Gestatoria
Wiki-offering.
Pope John Paul I (Latin: Ioannes Paulus I),
born Albino Luciani (Italian
pronunciation: [alˈbino luˈtʃani]; 17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978), reigned 26 August 1978 to his
sudden death 33 days later. His reign is among the shortest in papal history, resulting in the most recent Year of Three Popes, the first to occur since 1605. John Paul I remains the most recent
Italian-born pope, ending a succession of Italian-born popes that started with Clement
VII in 1523. He was declared a Servant
of God by his successor, John
Paul II, on 23 November 2003, the first step on the road to
sainthood.
Before the papal conclave
that elected him, he expressed his desire not to be elected, telling those
close to him that he would decline the papacy if elected, but upon the
cardinals electing him, he felt an obligation to say "yes".[1] He was the first pontiff to have a double name, choosing "John
Paul" in honour of his two immediate predecessors, John
XXIII and Paul VI. He explained that he was
indebted to John XXIII for naming him a bishop and to Paul VI for creating him
a cardinal. Furthermore, he was the first pope to add the regnal number
"I", designating himself "the First".
His sudden death has led to a number of conspiracy theories. His two immediate successors, John Paul II and Benedict
XVI, later recalled the warm qualities of the late pontiff
in several addresses.
In Italy, he is remembered with the appellatives of
"Il Papa del Sorriso" (The Smiling Pope)[2] and "Il Sorriso di Dio" (The smile of God).[3] Time magazine and other publications referred to him as The
September Pope.[4] He is also known in Italy as "Papa Luciani".
In his town of birth, Canale
d'Agordo, there is a museum that has been made and named in his
honour that is dedicated to his life and his brief papacy.
Contents
Early life and education
Luciani as a young priest,
1936
Albino Luciani was born on 17 October 1912 in Forno
di Canale (now Canale d'Agordo) in Belluno, a
province of the Veneto region in Northern
Italy. He was the son of Giovanni Luciani (1872?–1952), a bricklayer, and Bortola Tancon (1879?–1948). Albino was followed by two brothers,
Federico (1915–1916) and Edoardo (1917–2008), and a sister, Antonia
(1920–2009). He was baptised on the day he was born by
the midwife because he was considered to be in danger of death, and the solemn rites
of baptism were formalised in the parish church two days later.[5]
Luciani entered the minor
seminary of Feltre in 1923, where his teachers
found him to be "too lively", and later went on to the major
seminary of Belluno. During his stay at Belluno, he attempted to
join the Jesuits,
but was denied by the seminary's rector,
Bishop Giosuè Cattarossi.[6]
Ordination and teaching career
Ordained a priest on
7 July 1935, Luciani then served as a curate in his native Forno de Canale before becoming a professor and the
vice-rector of the Belluno seminary in 1937.[5] Among the different subjects, he taught dogmatic and moral theology, canon law and
sacred
art.
In 1941, Luciani started to work on a Doctorate of Sacred Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University.[5] This required at least one year's attendance in Rome. However, the Belluno
seminary's superiors wanted him to continue teaching during his doctoral
studies. The situation was resolved by a special dispensation by Pope
Pius XII on 27 March 1941. His thesis (The origin of the human soul according to Antonio Rosmini) largely attacked Rosmini's theology and earned him his doctorate magna
cum laude in 1947.[5]
In 1947, he was named chancellor to Bishop Girolamo Bortignon, OFM Cap, of
Belluno.[5] In 1954, he was named the vicar
general for the Belluno diocese.[5] Luciani was nominated for the position of Bishop several times but he was
passed down each time due to his poor health, stature and his resigned
appearance. In 1949, he published a book titled Catechesis in crumbs.
This book, his first, was about teaching the truths of the faith in a simple
way, directly and comprehensible to all people.
Episcopate
Luciani in 1966.
On 15 December 1958, Luciani was appointed Bishop of Vittorio Veneto by Pope John XXIII. He
received his episcopal consecration on the following 27 December from Pope John XXIII himself, with Bishops
Bortignon and Gioacchino Muccin serving as the co-consecrators. As a bishop, he
participated in all the sessions of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965). In 1958, he had taken his Humilitas (Humility)
as his episcopal motto.[5] He took possession of the diocese on 11 January 1959. In 1966, he visited Burundi in East Africa.[7]
On 15 December 1969, he was appointed as the new Patriarch of Venice by Pope Paul VI and
he took possession of his new archdiocese on 3 February 1970. On 1 February
1970, he received honorary citizenship of the town of Vittorio Veneto, where he
had previously served as its bishop.
Cardinalate
During his time as Patriarch of Venice, Luciani clashed
with priests who supported the liberalisation of divorce in Italy, eventually
suspending some of them.[1] At the same time, he was opposed to the 1974 referendum restricting
divorce after it had been liberalised, feeling that such a move would fail and
simply point out a divided Church with declining influence.[1]
In 1975, Luciani visited Germany in May and then to
Brazil (6-21 November) where he met with members of the clergy, including
Cardinal Aloísio Lorscheider. Upon his return to Italy, he suffered an embolus in his right eye. A few months after that, Luciani also made a visit to Fatima.
While there, he met with Sister Lucia
dos Santos, the surviving visionary of three children who claimed
to see apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary back in 1917, revered under the title of Our Lady of Fatima. When Cardinal Luciani met Sister Lucia, she referred to him as "Holy
Father". This greeting shocked the humble cardinal.[8] In January 1976, he published Illustrissimi ("To the Illustrious Ones"), a collection of letters penned by
him in previous years, whimsically addressed to historical and literary figures
such as Dickens, Chesterton, Maria Theresa of Austria, St Teresa of Avila,
Goethe, Figaro, Pinocchio, the Pickwick Club, King David and Jesus. These
letters written in very clear and simple, yet often witty language as a way of
relating elements of the Gospel to modern life.
In 1976, Luciani sold a gold cross that Pope John XXIII
had given to him to raise money for spastic children. He also urged fellow
priests in Venice to sell their valuables to contribute to this cause and as a
way for them to live simply and humbly.[7]
Papacy
Election
Pope Paul VI died on August 6, 1978, ending a reign of
fifteen years. Luciani was summoned to Rome for the conclave to elect the new pope. Luciani was not considered papabile at the time though mentioned upon occasion in several papers, but a few
cardinals approached him with their opinion that he would make a fine pontiff.
The electors did not want a Curial figure, as Paul VI had been, but a warm and
pastoral figure like Pope John XXIII.
Luciani was elected on the fourth ballot of the August 1978 papal
conclave. Luciani had previously said to his secretary, Father Diego
Lorenzi and to Father Prospero
Grech (later a cardinal himself), that he would decline the
papacy if elected, and that he intended to vote for Aloísio Cardinal Lorscheider, whom he met in Brazil.[1] Jaime Cardinal Sin of the Philippines told him: "You will be the new pope."[7]
Pope Paul VI makes Luciani a
cardinal in 1973.
However, when he was asked by Jean-Marie Cardinal Villot if he accepted his election, Luciani replied, "May God forgive you
for what you have done" but accepted election. After his election, when
Cardinal Sin paid him homage, the new pope said: "You were a prophet, but
my reign will be a short one".[7] On the balcony of St Peter's Basilica, protodeacon Pericle Cardinal Felici announced that the cardinals had elected His Eminence, Albino Cardinal
Luciani, Patriarch of Venice as Pope John Paul I.[9] The regnal name John
Paul was the first time in papal history that a pope had chosen a double
name. In a subsequent Angelus message the new pope
explained that the double name was taken to gratefully honour his two immediate
predecessors: John XXIII,
who had named him a bishop, and Paul
VI, who had named him Cardinal Patriarch of Venice.[10] He was also the first pope to designate himself "the First" with
the name.[11] (Pope Francis,
elected in 2013, also took a previously-unused papal name but explicitly
refused to be called "the First".)
In the aftermath of the election, the pope confided to
his brother Edoardo that his first thought was to call himself "Pius
XIII" in honour of Pope
Pius XI, but he gave up on the idea, worried that the
traditionalist members of the Church might exploit this choice of regnal name.[12]
Observers have suggested that his selection was a
compromise to satisfy rumoured divisions among seemingly rival camps within the
College of Cardinals:[10]
·
Conservatives and Curialists supporting the highly regarded Giuseppe Cardinal Siri, who favoured a more conservative interpretation or even reversal of
controversial ideas being promoted as "in the spirit of Vatican II" but which had actually never been
discussed at the recent ecumenical council. There remains a conspiracy theory
(the so-called 'Siri Conspiracy') concerning allegations Siri was actually elected in the 1958 conclave,
but was pressured to withdraw acceptance of his election.
·
Those who favoured a more
liberal interpretation of Vatican II's reforms along with some Italian
cardinals who supported Cardinal Giovanni Benelli, who had created some
opposition due to alleged "autocratic" tendencies.
·
The cardinals within the
increasingly international College of Cardinals, beyond the Italians who were experiencing diminished influence, such as Karol Cardinal Wojtyła.[10]
During the days following the conclave, the cardinals
were generally elated at the reaction to Pope John Paul I, some of them happily
saying that they had elected "God's candidate".[10] Argentine Cardinal Eduardo Francisco Pironio stated, "We were witnesses of a moral miracle."[10] Mother Teresa,
commenting about the new pope, "He has been the greatest gift of God, a sun beam of God's love shining in the darkness of the world."[10] British primate Basil Cardinal Hume declared: "Once it had happened, it seemed totally and entirely right
... We felt as if our hands were being guided as we wrote his name on the
paper".[7]
A dramatic event, soon after the election, occurred when
the leader of the delegation from the Russian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Nikodim (Rotov) of
Leningrad, collapsed and died after a ceremony on 5 September
1978. The new pope immediately came over and prayed for him.[13]
Church policies
|
Papal styles of
Pope John Paul I |
|
|
Spoken style
|
Your Holiness
|
|
Religious style
|
Holy Father
|
|
Posthumous style
|
|
Six point plan
After he became pope he had set six plans down which
would dictate his pontificate:
·
To renew the church through
the policies implemented by Vatican II.
·
To revise canon law.
·
To remind the church of its
duty to preach the Gospel.
·
To promote church unity
without watering down doctrine.
·
To promote dialogue.
Humanising the papacy
After his election, John Paul I quickly made several
decisions that would "humanise" the office of pope, admitting
publicly he had turned scarlet when Paul VI placed his stole on Luciani's
shoulders while the pontiff visited Venice on 16 September 1972. He was the
first modern pope to speak in the singular form, using 'I' instead of the royal we,
though the official records of his speeches were often rewritten in more formal
style by aides, who reinstated the royal we in press releases and in the
L'Osservatore Romano. He initially refused to use the sedia
gestatoria until others convinced him of its need
in order to allow the faithful to see him. He was the last pope to use the sedia
gestatoria;[14] subsequently, his successors refused to use it.
He was the first pope to choose a "papal inauguration" to commence his papacy rather than the traditional Papal
Coronation Mass. Therefore, he would be given the pallium instead of the traditional tiara.
One of his remarks, reported in the press, was that God
"is our Father; even more He is our Mother,"[15][16] referring to Isaiah
49:14–15, which compares God to a mother who will never forget
her child Zion. The comment appeared in his 10 September Angelus address, which urged prayer for the upcoming Camp David Accords.[15]
Moral theology
The moral theology of John Paul I had been openly debated
because of his opinions expressed on a number of issues, particularly birth
control. It is debated whether John Paul I was liberal, conservative, or a
moderate in matters of church doctrine, thus it is difficult to assess his
views.
Contraception
It is certain that John Paul I would not have reversed
Paul VI's teaching, namely on contraception, since it was a question of sexual ethics and Church doctrine, rather than
one of personal opinion. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to assume that John
Paul I would not have insisted upon the negative judgment in Humanae
Vitae as aggressively and publicly as John Paul II did. Luciani
had mixed feelings in regards to the traditional stance on contraception. In
1968, as Bishop of Vittorio Veneto, he submitted a report to his predecessor as
the Patriarch of Venice, Giovanni
Urbani, that argued that the contraceptive pill should be
permitted. It was agreed on by fellow Veneto bishops and was later submitted to
Pope Paul VI.[17] When Humanae Vitae was
released, Luciani defended that document. But he seemed to contradict that
defence in a letter he wrote to his diocese four days after the release of the
encyclical.[18] In May 1978, Cardinal Luciani was invited to speak at a Milanese
conference to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the encyclical. He refused both
to speak at the event and to attend it.[19]
Some take a different view, describing that while serving
as Patriarch of Venice, "Luciani was intransigent with his upholding of
the teaching of the Church and severe with those, who through intellectual
pride and disobedience paid no attention to the Church's prohibition of
contraception," though while not condoning the sin, he was patient with
those who sincerely tried and failed to live up to the Church's teaching."[2]
Abortion
In his letter to Carlo Goldini from the book
Illustrissimi, Luciani took a critical perspective of abortion and argued that
it violated God's law and that it went against the deepest aspirations of
females, profoundly disturbing them.[20]
Homosexuality
In a 1974 interview while he was the Patriarch of Venice,
Luciani upheld the traditional line: "A sexuality that is worthy of man
must be a part of love for a person of a different sex with the added
commitments of fidelity and indissolubility."[21]
Interpretation of Vatican II
Luciani had attended all sessions of the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) while he was the Bishop of Vittorio Veneto. In terms of
religious freedom, Luciani saw the council as a chance to break with tradition
or continuity. He had hoped that the council would highlight "Christian
optimism" in terms of Christ's teachings against the culture of relativism.
He denounced a fundamental ignorance of the "basic elements of the
faith" - it was this point that he wished to focus on as opposed to
secularism throughout the world.
In terms of global interpretation of the council, Luciani
wrote: "The physiognomy and structure of the Catholic Church have been
determined once and for all by the Lord and cannot be touched. If anything,
superstructures can. Things that have not been determined by Christ, but were
introduced by popes or councils or the faithful, can be changed, or eliminated
today or tomorrow. Yesterday they might have introduced a certain number of
dioceses, a certain way to lead missions, to educate priests, they might have
chosen to follow certain cultural trends. Well, this can be changed and one can
say "the Church that comes out of the Council is still the same as it was
yesterday, but renewed". No one can ever say "We have a new Church,
different from what it was".
In regards to religious freedom, Luciani wrote about the
council's declaration, "Dignitatis humanae". In his writings, he said that there is only one true
religion that must be followed and no other. He said that those that are not
satisfied with the Catholic faith are free to profess their own religion for
various reasons. He continues to say that religious freedom must be freely
exercised by the individual. "The choice of religious belief must be free.
The freer and more earnest the choice, the more those that embrace the Faith
will feel honoured. These are rights, natural rights. Rights always come hand
in hand with duties. The non Catholics have the right to profess their religion
and I have the duty to respect their right as a private citizen, as a priest,
as a bishop and as a State".[22]
Personality
John Paul I was regarded as a skilled communicator and
writer, and has left behind some writings. His book Illustrissimi, written while he was a cardinal, is a series of letters
to a wide collection of historical and fictional persons. Among those still
available are his letters to Jesus,[23] King David,[24] Figaro the Barber,[25] Empress Maria Theresa[26] and Pinocchio.[27] Others 'written to' included Mark
Twain, Charles
Dickens and Christopher Marlowe.
John Paul I impressed people with his personal warmth.
There are reports that within the Vatican he was seen as an intellectual
lightweight not up to the responsibilities of the papacy, although David
Yallop (In
God's Name) says that this is the result of a
whispering campaign by people in the Vatican who were opposed to Luciani's
policies. In the words of John Cornwell,
"they treated him with condescension"; one senior cleric discussing
Luciani said "they have elected Peter
Sellers."[28] Critics contrasted his sermons mentioning Pinocchio to the learned intellectual discourses of Pius
XII or Paul
VI. Visitors spoke of his isolation and loneliness and the
fact that he was the first pope in decades not to have previously held either a
diplomatic role (like Pius XI and
John XXIII) or Curial
role (like Pius XII and Paul VI) in the Church.
His personal impact, however, was twofold: his image as a
warm, gentle and kind man captivated the whole world. This image was
immediately formed when he was presented to the crowd in St. Peter's Square following his election. The warmth of his presence made him a much-loved
figure before he even spoke a word. The media in particular fell under his
spell. He was a very skilled orator.
According to his aides, he was not the naive idealist his
critics made him out to be. Cardinal Giuseppe
Caprio, the substitute Papal Secretary of State, said that John
Paul I quickly accepted his new role and performed it with confidence.[29]
John Paul I had admitted that the prospect of the papacy
had daunted him to the point that other cardinals had to encourage him to
accept it. He refused to have the millennium-old traditional Papal
Coronation and wear the Papal
Tiara.[30] He instead chose to have a simplified Papal Inauguration Mass. John Paul I used as his motto Humilitas. In his notable Angelus of 27 August 1978 (delivered on the first
full day of his papacy), he impressed the world with his natural friendliness.[31]
Abrupt death
John Paul I was found dead sitting up in his bed shortly
before dawn on 28 September 1978,[32] just a mere 33 days into his papacy. The Vatican reported that the 65-year-old
pope most likely died the previous night of a heart attack.
It has been claimed that the Vatican had altered some of
the details of the discovery of the death to avoid possible unseemliness[33][34] in that he was discovered by Sister Vincenza Taffarel, who was a nun.[35] Inconsistent statements were made relating to who found John Paul I's
body, the time when he was found, and what papers were in his hand. These various
issues led to a number of conspiracy theories
concerning his death. The Vatican has not
investigated the claims and does not profess belief in any possible deceit.[citation needed]
John Paul I's funeral was held in Saint Peter's Square on 4 October 1978, celebrated by Cardinal Carlo Confalonieri. In his eulogy of the late pope, he described him as a flashing comet who briefly lit up
the church. He was then laid to rest in the Vatican grottoes.
Legacy
Pope John Paul I was the first pope to abandon coronation, and he was also the first pope to choose a double name (John
Paul) for his papal name. His successor, Cardinal Karol
Jozef Wojtyła, chose the same name. He was the first pope to have a
Papal Inauguration and the last pope to use the Sedia
Gestatoria.
Canonisation process
The process of canonisation for John Paul I formally
began in 1990 with the petition by 226 Brazilian bishops, including four cardinals. The petition was addressed directly to
Pope John Paul II.
On 26 August 2002, Bishop Vincenzo Savio announced the
start of the preliminary phase to collect documents and testimonies necessary
to start the process of canonisation. On 8 June 2003 the Congregation for the
Causes of Saints gave its assent to the work. On 23
November on the Feast of Christ the King, the process formally opened in the Cathedral Basilica of Belluno with Cardinal José Saraiva Martins in charge.[36][37]
The diocesan inquiry for the cause subsequently concluded
on 11 November 2006 in Belluno. In June 2009, the Vatican
began the "Roman" phase of the beatification process for John Paul I,
drawing upon the testimony of Giuseppe Denora di Altamura who claimed to have
been cured of cancer by the intercession of the late pontiff. An official
investigation into the alleged miracle commenced in June 2009.[38]
For Luciani to be beatified, the investigators have to certify at least one miracle. For canonisation
there must be a second miracle, though the reigning pope may waive these
requirements altogether, as is often done in the case of beatified popes.[39]
The diocesan inquiry on the case of the Giuseppe Denora
healing was validated on 25 March 2010. The documents in regards to the miracle
were supposed to be delivered to the prefect of the Congregation for the Causes
of Saints, Cardinal Angelo Amato on
17 October 2012 (the hundred year anniversary of the late pope's birth), to
examine the pros and cons of the cause. This was delayed due to the cause's
supporters wanting another check over all the documents. In a mass at Belluno
on 20 July 2014, Cardinal Tarcisio
Bertone announced that the cause of beatification was set to
advance. The cardinal highlighted that the Positio would be delivered in September 2014.[40]
To determine whether the late pontiff should or not be
declared Venerable, theologians and the
members of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints must determine if the late
pope lived a life of heroic virtue. It
would then fall to Pope Francis to
recognize this in a decree, thus, putting him another step closer towards the
end of the canonization process. After this, further investigation into the
alleged miracle can go ahead.
The views of successors
John Paul II
Cardinal Karol
Wojtyła was elected
John Paul I's successor as Pope on Monday, 16 October 1978.
The next day he celebrated Mass together with the College of Cardinals in the Sistine Chapel.
After the Mass, he delivered his first Urbi
et Orbi (a traditional blessing) message, broadcast worldwide
via radio. In it he pledged fidelity to the Second Vatican Council and paid tribute to his predecessor:[41]
"What can we say of John Paul I? It seems to us that
only yesterday he emerged from this assembly of ours to put on the papal
robes—not a light weight. But what warmth of charity, nay, what 'an abundant
outpouring of love'—which came forth from him in the few days of his ministry
and which in his last Sunday address before the Angelus he desired should come upon the world. This is also confirmed by his wise
instructions to the faithful who were present at his public audiences on faith,
hope and love."
Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI spoke of the late pontiff on 28 September
2008 during his weekly Angelus address. Of the late pope, he said:
"Because of this virtue of his, it only took 33 days
for Pope Luciani to win people's hearts. In his addresses he always referred to
events in practical life, from his family memories and from popular wisdom. His
simplicity was a vehicle for a solid, rich teaching which, thanks to the gift
of an exceptional memory and a vast knowledge, he embellished with numerous
citations from ecclesiastical and secular writers. Thus, he was an incomparable
catechist, following in the footsteps of St Pius
X, who came from the same region and was his predecessor
first on the throne of St Mark and then on that of St Peter. "We must feel
small before God", he said during the same Audience. And he added, "I
am not ashamed to feel like a child before his mother; one believes in one's
mother; I believe in the Lord, in what he has revealed to me". These words
reveal the full depth of his faith. As we thank God for having given him to the
church and to the world, let us treasure his example, striving to cultivate his
same humility which enabled him to talk to everyone, especially the small and
the "distant". For this, let us invoke Mary Most Holy, the humble
handmaid of the Lord".
Media
·
In
2006, the Italian Public Broadcasting Service, RAI, produced a television miniseries about the life of John Paul I, called Papa
Luciani: Il sorriso di Dio (literally, "Pope Luciani: The smile of
God"). It stars Italian comedian Neri Marcorè in the titular role.
In
popular culture
·
The
1990 film The
Godfather Part III
included the assassination theory of Pope John Paul I, although the character's
lay name differs from the actual Pope's as does the year of his death.
·
Portuguese
author Luis Miguel Rocha's 2008 fiction book The Last Pope claims that John Paul I was assassinated.
·
Robert
Littell's 2002 book The Company also
portrays John Paul I's death as a KGB-directed assassination.
·
David Yallop's book In God's Name developed the theories behind the alleged murder
of John Paul I.
·
The Last
Confession a 2007 play
starring David Suchet covers the politics of the election of
John Paul I and his successor
·
On 11
October 2008, BBC Radio 4 broadcast Conclave by Hugh Costello as part of the Saturday Play series,
starring David
Calder as Cardinal Franz König, Allison Reid as Hannah Popper, Nicholas
Le Prevost as Cardinal Giovanni Benelli and Andrew Hilton as Cardinal Karol Wojtyła (the future Pope John Paul II). The play takes place after John Paul I's
mysterious death.
|
|
|
Further
reading
·
Cornwell,
John (1989). A Thief in the Night: the Death of Pope John Paul I.
London: Viking. ISBN 0-670-82387-2
·
Gurwin,
Larry (1983). The Calvi Affair: Death of a Banker. London: Pan Books,
1984, cop. 1983. xiii, 251 p. + [8] p. of b&w photos. ISBN 0-330-28540-8; alternative ISBN on back cover,
0-330-28338-3
·
Hebblewaite,
Peter (1978). The Year of Three Popes. First United States ed. Cleveland,
Ohio: W. Collins, 1979, cop. 1978. ix, 220 p. ISBN 0-529-05652-6
·
Manhattan,
Avro (1985). Murder in the Vatican: American, Russian, and Papal Plots.
First ed. Springfield, Mo.: Ozark Books. 274 p. Without ISBN
·
Bérubé,
Pierre, « Jean-Paul I » « Il y a 30 ans, Jean-Paul 1er… Un
passage qu’on ne veut pas oublier! » Le Soleil, (Québec), 2 octobre 2008,
p. 27, Opinion (présentation version papier), article complet :
Cyberpresse
References
1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Allen,
John (November 2, 2012). "Debunking
four myths about John Paul I, the 'Smiling Pope'".
National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved December 28,
2013.
2.
^ Jump up to: a b Raymond and Lauretta, The Smiling Pope, The Life &
Teaching of John Paul I. Our Sunday Visitor Press, 2004.
3.
Jump up ^ Papa Luciani: Il
sorriso di Dio (Pope Luciani: The Smile of
God). Radiotelevisione Italia 2006 documentary.
4.
Jump up ^ The September
Pope, cover story in Time, Monday, 9 Oct 1978,
webpage found 3 April 2010.
5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Highlights of
the Life of His Holiness John Paul I, The Holy See, retrieved 29 December 2013
6.
Jump up ^ Yallop, David (1985) In God's name: an
investigation into the murder of Pope John Paul I, p.16 quotation:
‹ The template below (Block quote) is being considered for deletion. See templates for
discussion to help reach a
consensus.›
So strongly did the writings of Couwase [Jean Pierre de
Caussade] influence him that Luciani began to think very seriously of becoming a
Jesuit. He watched as first one, then a second, of his close friends went to
the rector, Bishop Giouse Cattarossi, and asked for permission to join the
Jesuit order. In both instances the permission was granted to them. Luciani
would soon make his decision, and so he went and asked for permission. The
bishop considered the request, then responded, "No, three is one too many.
You had better stay here."
7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Modern
Heroes of the Church - Leo Knowles". Google Books. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
8.
Jump up ^ "The first years
of Albino Luciani: 4° part (the conclave)". YouTube. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
9.
Jump up ^ 1978 Year in Review: The Election of Pope John Paul II-http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1978/The-Election-of-Pope-John-Paul-II/12309251197005-5/
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External
links
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·
An
interview with Dr John
Magee, former private
secretary to John Paul I, on the occasion of John Paul II's funeral is available here. From RTÉ Radio One's "News at One" on 8 April 2005. -RealPlayer required.
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Bishop of Vittorio-Veneto
27 December 1958 – 15 December 1969 |
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Patriarch of Venice
15 December 1969 – 16 August 1978 |
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Cardinal-Priest of San Marco
5 March 1973 - 26 August 1978 |
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Pope
26 August – 28 September 1978 |
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