G.A. Jacob (#7): Ecclesiastical Polity in the New Testament (78ff.)



Rev. Jacob argues that the New Testament had two orders of office. However, some writers in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th centuries interpreted history with their own views, after the emergence of episcopacy. Justyn Martyr and the Shepherd of Hermas supported the two-office system. Clement of Rome wrote to the Corinthians when they didn't have a Bishop, and Polycarp also favored the two-office system. When Polycarp wrote to Philippi, there was no Bishop there, but there were some Presbyters who were showing a desire for pre-eminence.

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