G.A. Jacob (#13): Ecclesiastical Polity in the New Testament: Confessio...


Appendix C: Confession, Absolution, and Penance (410-417). Rev. Jacob gives a brief history of the developments of confession (private, public, voluntary, mandatory), absolution (declaratory), and penance. Ambrose and Cyprian had a particularly egregious system of penance, including a 10-year program of stages for readmission to the Holy Communion. This was all driven by the widespread Capernaitic errors about Holy Communion (Wafer-Worship). By the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, confession, absolution, and penance were made mandatory. The Anglican’s 1662 BCP still has the Romanizing germ in the Office of Visitation of the Sick—Ego te absolvo. The old Reformed Episcopalians made a solid effort to clean up Romanizing germs.

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