March 957-959 A.D. Dunstan—42nd Bishop of London; Serves Several Kings, an Abbot of Glastonbury and Later Archbishop of Canterbury
March 957-959 A.D. Dunstan—42nd Bishop of London; Serves Several Kings, an Abbot of Glastonbury
and Later Archbishop of Canterbury
Dunstan
Contents
Early life (909–43)
Birth
Monk, abbot, and bishop (943–60)
Life as a monk
Archbishop of Canterbury (960–78)
Dunstan went to Rome in 960,
and received the pallium from Pope John XII.[3] On his journey there, Dunstan's charities were so
lavish as to leave nothing for himself and his attendants. His steward
complained, but Dunstan seems to have suggested that they trust in Jesus Christ.
Final years (978–88)
Legacy
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
Primary sources
Secondary sources
External links
Dunstan
From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
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Dunstan
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Archbishop of
Canterbury
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Province
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Diocese
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See
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Installed
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unknown
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Term ended
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988
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Predecessor
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Successor
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Orders
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Consecration
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959
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Personal details
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Birth name
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Dunstan
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Born
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Died
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Buried
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Sainthood
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Feast day
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19 May
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Venerated in
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Canonized
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1029
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Attributes
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man holding a pair of smith's tongs; with a
dove hovering near him; with a troop of angels before him
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Patronage
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blacksmiths; Charlottetown, Canada; goldsmiths;
locksmiths; musicians; silversmiths
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Shrines
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Dunstan (909 – 19 May 988)[2] was an Abbot of Glastonbury Abbey,
a Bishop of Worcester,
a Bishop of London,
and an Archbishop of Canterbury, later canonised as a saint.[3] His work restored monastic life in England and
reformed the English Church. His 11th-century biographer, Osbern, himself an artist and
scribe, states that Dunstan was skilled in "making a picture and forming
letters", as were other clergy of his age who reached senior rank.[4]
Dunstan served as an important
minister of state to several English kings. He was the most popular saint in
England for nearly two centuries, having gained fame for the many stories of
his greatness, not least among which were those concerning his famed cunning in
defeating the Devil.[5]
Contents
Early life (909–43)
Birth
Dunstan was born in Baltonsborough, Somerset.[6] He was the son of Heorstan, a noble of Wessex. Heorstan was the brother of the bishops of Wells and ofWinchester.[7] It is recorded that his mother, Cynethryth, was a
pious woman. Osbern's life of Dunstan relates that a messenger miraculously
told her of the saintly child she would give birth to:
She was in the church of St
Mary on Candleday, when all the lights were suddenly extinguished. Then the
candle held by Cynethryth was as suddenly relighted, and all present lit their
candles at this miraculous flame, thus foreshadowing that the boy "would
be the minister of eternal light" to the Church of England.[5]
The anonymous author of the
earliest Life places Dunstan's birth during the reign of Athelstan, while Osbern fixed it at
"the first year of the reign of King Æthelstan", 924 or 925. This
date, however, cannot be reconciled with other known dates of Dunstan's life
and creates many obvious anachronisms. Historians therefore assume that Dunstan was born
c. 910 or earlier.[8]
School to the king's court
As a young boy, Dunstan
studied under the Irish monks who then occupied the ruins of Glastonbury Abbey.[9] Accounts tell of his youthful optimism and of his
vision of the abbey being restored. While still a boy, Dunstan was stricken
with a near-fatal illness and effected a seemingly miraculous recovery. Even as
a child, he was noted for his devotion to learning and for his mastery of many
kinds of artistic craftsmanship. With his parent's consent he was tonsured, received minor orders and served in the ancient church of St Mary. He
became so well known for his devotion to learning that he is said to have been
summoned by his uncle Athelm, the Archbishop of Canterbury, to enter his service.[5] He was later appointed to the court of King Athelstan.[10]
Dunstan playing his harp as the Devil is paying a visit
Dunstan soon became a favourite of the king and was the envy of other members of
the court.[5] A plot was hatched to disgrace him and Dunstan was
accused of being involved with witchcraft and black magic.[3] The king ordered him to leave the court and as
Dunstan was leaving the palace his enemies physically attacked him, beat him
severely, bound him, and threw him into a cesspool.[11] He managed to crawl out and make his way to the
house of a friend. From there, he journeyed to Winchester and entered the
service of his uncle, Ælfheah, Bishop of Winchester.[5]
The bishop tried to persuade
him to become a monk, but Dunstan was doubtful whether he had a vocation to a celibate life. The answer came in the form of an attack of
swelling tumours all over Dunstan's body. This ailment was so severe that it
was thought to beleprosy.[5] It was more probably some form of blood poisoning caused by being beaten and thrown in the cesspool.[11] Whatever the cause, it changed Dunstan's mind. He
tookHoly Orders in 943, in the presence of Ælfheah, and returned to live the life of a hermit at
Glastonbury.[5] Against the old church of St Mary he built a small
cell five feet long and two and a half feet deep. It was there that Dunstan
studied, worked at his handicrafts, and played on his harp.[5] It is at this time, according to a late
11th-century legend, that the Devil is said to have tempted Dunstan and to have been held by the face with
Dunstan's tongs.[11]
Monk, abbot, and bishop (943–60)
Life as a monk
Possible self-portrait of Dunstan. Detail from the Glastonbury Classbook.
Dunstan worked as a silversmith and in the scriptorium while he was living at Glastonbury. It is thought
likely that he was the artist who drew the well-known image of Christ with a
small kneeling monk beside him in the Glastonbury Classbook, "one of the first of a series of outline drawings
which were to become a special feature of Anglo-Saxon art of this period."[4] Dunstan became famous as a musician, illuminator,
and metalworker.[10] Lady Æthelflaed, King Æthelstan's niece, made
Dunstan a trusted adviser and on her death she left a considerable fortune to
him.[5] He used this money later in life to foster and
encourage a monastic revival in England. About the same time, his father
Heorstan died and Dunstan inherited his fortune as well. He became a person of
great influence, and on the death of King Æthelstan in 940, the new King, Edmund, summoned him to his court atCheddar and made him a minister.[3]
Again, royal favour fostered
jealousy among other courtiers and again Dunstan's enemies succeeded in their
plots. The king was prepared to send Dunstan away.[5] There were then at Cheddar certain envoys from the
"Eastern Kingdom", which probably meant East Anglia. Dunstan implored the envoys to take him with them
when they returned to their homes. They agreed to do so, but it never happened.
The story is recorded:
... the king rode out to hunt
the stag in Mendip Forest. He became separated from his attendants and followed a stag at great
speed in the direction of the Cheddar cliffs. The stag rushed blindly over the
precipice and was followed by the hounds. Eadmund endeavoured vainly to stop
his horse; then, seeing death to be imminent, he remembered his harsh treatment
of St Dunstan and promised to make amends if his life was spared. At that
moment his horse was stopped on the very edge of the cliff. Giving thanks to
God, he returned forthwith to his palace, called for St. Dunstan and bade him
follow, then rode straight to Glastonbury. Entering the church, the king first
knelt in prayer before the altar, then, taking St. Dunstan by the hand, he gave
him the kiss of peace, led him to the abbot's throne and, seating him thereon, promised him all
assistance in restoring Divine worship and regular observance.[5]
Abbot of Glastonbury
Dunstan, now Abbot of
Glastonbury, went to work at once on the task of reform.[3] He had to re-create monastic life and to rebuild
the abbey. He began by establishing Benedictine monasticism at Glastonbury.[10] The Rule of St. Benedict was the basis of his
restoration according to the author of 'Edgar's Establishment of the
Monasteries' (written in the 960s or 970s) and according to Dunstan's first
biographer, who had been a member of the community at Glastonbury.[12] Their statements are also in accordance with the
nature of his first measures as abbot, with the significance of his first
buildings, and with the Benedictine leanings of his most prominent disciples.[5]
Nevertheless, not all the
members of Dunstan's community at Glastonbury were monks who followed the
Benedictine Rule. In fact, Dunstan's first biographer, 'B.', was a cleric who
eventually joined a community of canons at Liège after leaving Glastonbury.[13]
Dunstan's first care was to
rebuild the Church of St. Peter, rebuild the cloister, and re-establish the
monastic enclosure. The secular affairs of the house were committed to his
brother, Wulfric, "so that neither himself nor any of the professed monks
might break enclosure."[5] A school for the local youth was founded and soon
became the most famous of its time in England.[10] A substantial extension of the irrigation system on
the surrounding Somerset Levels was also completed.
Within two years of Dunstan's
appointment, in 946, King Edmund was assassinated. His successor was Eadred. The policy of the new government was supported by the Queen Mother, Eadgifu of Kent, by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Oda, and by the East Anglian nobles, at whose head was the
powerful ealdorman Æthelstan the "Half-king". It was a policy of unification and conciliation with
the Danish half of the kingdom.[9] The goal was a firm establishment of royal
authority. In ecclesiastical matters it favoured the spread of Catholic observance, the rebuilding of churches, the moral
reform of the clergy and laity, and the end of the religion of the Danes in England.[11] Against all these reforms were the nobles of
Wessex, who included most of Dunstan's own relatives, and who had an interest
in maintaining established customs.[5] For nine years Dunstan's influence was dominant,
during which time he twice refused the office of bishop (that of Winchester in
951 and Crediton in 953), affirming that he would not leave the king's side so long as the
king lived and needed him.[10]
Changes in fortune
In 955, Eadred died, and the
situation was at once changed. Eadwig, the elder son of Edmund, who then came to the throne,
was a headstrong youth wholly devoted to the reactionary nobles. According to
one legend, the feud with Dunstan began on the day of Eadwig's coronation, when
he failed to attend a meeting of nobles. When Dunstan eventually found the
young monarch, he was cavorting with a noblewoman named Ælfgifu and her mother,
and refused to return with the bishop. Infuriated by this, Dunstan dragged
Eadwig back and forced him to renounce the girl as a "strumpet".
Later realising that he had provoked the king, Dunstan fled to the apparent
sanctuary of his cloister, but Eadwig, incited by Ælfgifu, whom he married,
followed him and plundered the monastery.[5]
King Eadwig's reign was marred by conflicts with his
family and with Dunstan.
Although Dunstan managed to
escape, he saw that his life was in danger. He fled England and crossed the
channel to Flanders, where he found himself ignorant of the language and of the
customs of the locals.[10] The count of Flanders, Arnulf I,
received him with honour and lodged him in the Abbey of Mont Blandin, nearGhent.[5] This was one of the centres of the Benedictine
revival in that country, and Dunstan was able for the first time to observe the
strict observance that had seen its rebirth at Cluny at the beginning of the century. His exile was not
of long duration. Before the end of 957, the Mercians and Northumbrians revolted and drove out Eadwig, choosing his brother Edgar as king of the country north of the Thames.[9] The south remained faithful to Eadwig. At once
Edgar's advisers recalled Dunstan.[10] On his return, the archbishop consecrated Dunstan a
bishop and, on the death of Coenwald of Worcester at the end of 957, Oda appointed Dunstan to that see.[14]
In the following year the See
of London became vacant and was conferred on Dunstan, who held it in conjunction with
Worcester.[3][14] In October 959, Eadwig died and his brother Edgar
was readily accepted as ruler of Wessex. One of Eadwig's final acts had been to
appoint a successor to Archbishop Oda, who died on 2 June 958. First he
appointed Ælfsige of Winchester, but he perished of cold in the Alps
as he journeyed to Rome for thepallium. In his place Eadwig nominated Byrhthelm, the Bishop of Wells. As soon as Edgar became king he
reversed this act on the ground that Brithelm had not been able to govern even
his former diocese properly.[5] The archbishopric was then conferred on Dunstan.[10]
Archbishop of Canterbury (960–78)
On his return from Rome,
Dunstan at once regained his position as virtual prime minister of the kingdom.
By his advice Ælfstan was appointed to the Bishopric of London, and Oswald to that of Worcester. In 963, Æthelwold,
the Abbot of Abingdon, was appointed to the See of Winchester. With
their aid and with the ready support of King Edgar, Dunstan pushed forward his
reforms in the English Church.[3] The monks in his communities were taught to live in
a spirit of self-sacrifice, and Dunstan actively enforced the law of celibacy
whenever possible.[15] He forbade the practices of simony (selling ecclesiastical offices for money) and
ended the custom of clerics appointing relatives to offices under their
jurisdiction. Monasteries were built, and in some of the great cathedrals,
monks took the place of the secular canons; in the rest the canons were obliged to live
according to rule. The parish priests were compelled to be qualified for their
office; they were urged to teach parishioners not only the truths of the
Christian faith, but also trades to improve their position.[11] The state saw reforms as well.[10] Good order was maintained throughout the realm and
there was respect for the law. Trained bands policed the north, and a navy
guarded the shores from Viking raids. There was a level of peace in the kingdom
unknown in living memory.[5]
In 973, Dunstan's statesmanship
reached its zenith when he officiated at the coronation of King Edgar. Edgar
was crowned at Bath in an imperial ceremony planned not as the initiation, but
as the culmination of his reign (a move that must have taken a great deal of
preliminary diplomacy).[16] This service, devised by Dunstan himself and
celebrated with a poem in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle forms the basis of the present-day British coronation ceremony.[16] There was a second symbolic coronation held later.
This was an important step, as other kings of Britain came and gave their
allegiance to Edgar at Chester.[17] Six kings in Britain, including the kings of Scotland and of Strathclyde, pledged their faith that they would be the king's
liege-men on sea and land.
Edgar died two years after his
coronation, and was succeeded by his eldest son Edward (II) "the Martyr".[10] His accession was disputed by his stepmother, Ælfthryth,
who wished her own son Æthelred to reign. Through the influence of Dunstan, Edward was chosen and crowned
at Winchester.[3] Edgar's death had encouraged the reactionary
nobles, and at once there was a determined attack upon the monks, the
protagonists of reform. Throughout Mercia they were persecuted and deprived of
their possessions. Their cause, however, was supported by Æthelwine, the ealdorman of East
Anglia, and the realm was in serious danger of civil war. Three meetings of the Witan were held to settle these disputes, at Kyrtlington, at Calne, and at Amesbury. At the second of them the floor of the hall where the
Witan was sitting gave way, and all except Dunstan, who clung to a beam, fell
into the room below, several men were killed.[5]
Final years (978–88)
In March 978, King Eadweard
was assassinated at Corfe Castle, possibly at the instigation of his stepmother,
and Æthelred the Unready became king. His coronation on Low Sunday 31 March 978, was the last state event in which
Dunstan took part.[5] When the young king took the usual oath to govern
well, Dunstan addressed him in solemn warning. He criticised the violent act
whereby he became king and prophesied the misfortunes that were shortly to fall
on the kingdom,[16] but Dunstan's influence at court was ended.[10] Dunstan retired to Canterbury, to teach at the cathedral school.[3]
Theological manuscript from Glastonbury Abbey (Bodleian Library):Abbot Dunstan ordered the writing of this book.
Only three more public acts
are known. In 980, Dunstan joined Ælfhere of Mercia in the solemntranslation of the relics of King Eadward II, soon to be known as St Edward the Martyr, from their grave at Wareham to a shrine at Shaftesbury Abbey. In 984, in obedience to a vision of St Andrew, he persuaded King Æthelred to appoint Ælfheah as Bishop of Winchester in succession to Æthelwold.
In 986, Dunstan induced the king, by a donation of 100 pounds of silver, to
stop his persecution of the See of Rochester.[5]
Dunstan's retirement at
Canterbury consisted of long hours, both day and night, spent in private
prayer, as well as his regular attendance at Mass and the daily office. He visited the shrines of St Augustine and St Æthelberht, and there
are reports of a vision of angels who sang to him heavenly canticles.[5] He worked to improve the spiritual and temporal
well-being of his people, to build and restore churches, to establish schools,
to judge suits, to defend widows and orphans, to promote peace, and to enforce
respect for purity.[9] He practised his crafts, made bells and organs and
corrected the books in the cathedral library. He encouraged and protected
European scholars who came to England, and was active as a teacher of boys in
the cathedral school. On the vigil of Ascension Day 988, it is recorded that a vision of angels warned he would die in
three days.[5] On the feast day itself, Dunstan said Mass and
preached three times to the people: at the Gospel, at the benediction, and after the Agnus Dei. In this last address, he announced his impending death
and wished his congregation well.[18] That afternoon he chose the spot for his tomb, then
went to his bed. His strength failed rapidly, and on Saturday morning, 19 May,
he caused the clergy to assemble. Mass was celebrated in his presence, then he
received Extreme Unction and the Viaticum, and died. Dunstan's final words are reported to have
been, "He hath made a remembrance of his wonderful works, being a merciful
and gracious Lord: He hath given food to them that fear Him."[5]
The English people accepted
him as a saint shortly thereafter. He was formally canonised in 1029. That year at the Synod of Winchester, St
Dunstan's feast was ordered to be kept solemnly throughout England.[5]
Legacy
Until Thomas Becket's fame overshadowed Dunstan's, he was the
favourite saint of the English people. Dunstan had been buried in his cathedral; and when that building was
destroyed by a fire in 1074, his relics were translated by ArchbishopLanfranc to a tomb on the south side of the high altar in
the rebuilt Canterbury Cathedral.[5]
Dunstan shoeing the Devil's hoof, as illustrated by George Cruikshank
The monks of Glastonbury used
to claim that during the sack of Canterbury by the Danes in 1012, Dunstan's body had been carried for safety
to their abbey. This story was disproved by Archbishop William Warham, who opened the tomb at Canterbury in 1508. They
found Dunstan's relics still to be there. Within a century, however, his shrine
was destroyed during the English Reformation.[5]
He functions as the patron saint of goldsmiths and silversmiths, as he worked as a blacksmith, painter, and jeweller. His Feast Day is 19 May, which is why the date year on hallmarks runs from 19 to 18 May, not the calendar year. St Dunstan's—the charity that provides support, rehabilitation,
and respite care to blind ex-service personnel of the British Armed Forces—is
named after him, as are many churches all over the world. St Dunstan's, Mayfield, St Dunstan's, Stepney, St Dunstan-in-the-East, London, and St Dunstan-in-the-West, London are four of the more well known in Britain. The church at the junction of London Road and Whitstable Road gives its name to the neighbourhood of Canterbury
on the north bank of the river Stour.
English literature contains many references to him, for example in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens,[19] and in this folk rhyme:
St Dunstan, as the story goes,
Once pull'd the devil by the nose
With red-hot tongs, which made him roar,
That he was heard three miles or more.[20]
Once pull'd the devil by the nose
With red-hot tongs, which made him roar,
That he was heard three miles or more.[20]
From this the tongs have
become a symbol of St Dunstan and are featured in the arms of Tower Hamlets.
Daniel Anlezark has
tentatively suggested that Dunstan may be the medieval author of Solomon and Saturn citing the style, word choice, and Hiberno-Latin used in the texts.[21] However, Clive Tolley examines this claim from a
linguistic point-of-view and disagrees with Anlezark's claim.[22]
Another story relates how
Dunstan nailed a horseshoe to the Devil's hoof when he was asked to re-shoe the
Devil's horse. This caused the Devil great pain, and Dunstan only agreed to
remove the shoe and release the Devil after he promised never to enter a place
where a horseshoe is over the door. This is claimed as the origin of the lucky
horseshoe.
The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church,
and the Anglican Communion mark his feast day on 19 May.[3]
At various passages in "The Deptford Trilogy",
the character Dunstan Ramsay is compared with the saint of the same name, and in particular some stormy
events in the character's love-life are rather humorously compared to Saint
Dunstan's famous struggle with Satan.
See also
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Notes
3.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Bunson, Matthew; Bunson, Margaret; Bunson,
Stephen (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Encyclopedia of Saints. Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor
Publishing. ISBN 0-87973-588-0.
4.
^ Jump up to:a b Alexander, Jonathon (1992). Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of
Work. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press. p. 9.ISBN 0-300-05689-3.
5.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa 
"St. Dunstan" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
"St. Dunstan" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
6.
Jump up^ Dunning, Robert (1983). A History of Somerset. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. ISBN 0-85033-461-6.
7.
Jump up^ Green, John Richard (1895). History of the English People, Volume I (of
8) Early England, 449–1071; Foreign Kings, 1071–1204; The Charter, 1204–1216. London: MacMillan. ISBN 1-4346-0693-7.
8.
Jump up^ Lapidge, Michael, "Dunstan" in Lapidge et al.
(eds), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Blackwell, Oxford, 1999.ISBN 0-631-15565-1
10.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian
Church by F. L. Cross (Editor), E. A. Livingstone (Editor) Oxford University
Press, USA; 3 edition p.514 (13 March 1997)
11.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e "St Dunstan". Catholic Community – Woking. st-dunstans.org. Retrieved July 2007.
12.
Jump up^ Whitelock, Dorothy (1979). "'An Old English Account
of King Edgar's Establishment of the Monasteries'". English Historical Documents 1: 920.
13.
Jump up^ Winterbottom, Michael (2011). The Early Lives of St Dunstan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
p. lxix. ISBN 9780199605040.
14.
^ Jump up to:a b Powicke, F. Maurice and E. B. Fryde Handbook of British Chronology 2nd. ed. London:Royal Historical Society
1961 p. 260
19.
Jump up^ "Foggier yet, and colder! Piercing, searching,
biting cold. If the good Saint Dunstan had but nipped the Evil Spirit's nose
with a touch of such weather as that, instead of using his familiar weapons,
then, indeed, he would have roared to lusty purpose.
20.
Jump up^ Hone, William; Grimes, Kyle. "The Every-Day Book". The William Hone BioText,University of
Alabama at Birmingham. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2007.
21.
Jump up^ Anlezark, Daniel (2009). The Old English Dialogues of Solomon and
Saturn.
Cambridge: D.S.Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-203-3.
22.
Jump up^ Tolley, Clive. "Solomon and Saturn I's 'Prologa Prima.'" Notes and Queries. 57.2 (2010): 166–168.
References
·
Lapidge, Michael (2004). "Dunstan [St Dunstan] (d. 988)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
Further reading
Primary sources
·
'Author B', Vita S. Dunstani, ed. W. Stubbs, Memorials
of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series.
London, 1874. 3–52. Portions of the text are translated by Dorothy Whitelock in English
Historical Documents c. 500–1042. 2nd ed.
London, 1979. These have been superseded by the new edition and translation by Michael Lapidge and Michael Winterbottom, The Early Lives of St Dunstan, Oxford University Press, 2012.
·
Adelard
of Ghent, Epistola
Adelardi ad Elfegum Archiepiscopum de Vita Sancti Dunstani, Adelard's letter to ArchbishopÆlfheah of Canterbury (1005–1012) on the Life of St Dunstan, ed. W. Stubbs, Memorials of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series 63. London, 1874. 53–68. Also in the new
edition and translation by Michael Lapidge and Michael Winterbottom, The Early Lives of St Dunstan, Oxford University Press, 2012.
·
Wulfstan of
Winchester, The
Life of St Æthelwold, ed. and
tr. M. Lapidge and M. Winterbottom, Wulfstan
of Winchester. The Life of St Æthelwold. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford, 1991.
·
Reliquiae
Dunstanianae, ed. W. Stubbs, Memorials of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series. London, 1874. 354–439.
·
Fragmenta
ritualia de Dunstano, ed. W.
Stubbs, Memorials of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series. London, 1874. 440-57.
·
Osbern of Canterbury, Vita
sancti Dunstani and Liber Miraculorum Sancti Dunstani, ed. W. Stubbs, Memorials
of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series. London, 1874. 69–161.
·
Eadmer, Vita
S. Dunstani and Miracula S. Dunstani, ed. and tr. Bernard J. Muir and Andrew J. Turner, Eadmer of Canterbury. Lives and Miracles of Saints Oda,
Dunstan, and Oswald. OMT. Oxford, 2006.
41–159 and 160–212; ed. W. Stubbs, Memorials
of St Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series 63. London, 1874. 162–249, 412–25.
·
An Old
English Account of the King Edgar's Establishment of the Monasteries, tr. D. Whitelock, English Historical Documents I. Oxford University Press, 1979.
Secondary sources
·
Dales,
Douglas, Dunstan:
Saint and Statesman, Cambridge: Lutterworth
Press, 1988/2013.
·
Duckett,
Eleanor. Saint
Dunstan of Canterbury (1955).
·
Dunstan, St. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17 vols. Gale Research, 1998.
·
Knowles,
David. The Monastic Orders in England (1940; 2d ed. 1963).
·
Ramsay,
Nigel St Dunstan: his Life, Times, and Cult, Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press,
1992.
·
Sayles, G.
O., The Medieval Foundations of England (1948; 2d ed. 1950).
·
William of Malmesbury, Vita
sancti Dunstani, ed. and tr. Bernard J.
Muir and Andrew J. Turner, William
of Malmesbury. Lives of SS. Wulfstan, Dunstan, Patrick, Benignus and Indract. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford, 2002; ed. W. Stubbs,Memorials
of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series. London, 1874.
250–324.
·
John Capgrave, Vita sancti Dunstani, ed. W. Stubbs, Memorials
of St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Rolls Series. London, 1874. 325-53.
External links
 |
·
The True Legend of St. Dunstan and the Devil by Edward G. Flight, illustrated byGeorge Cruikshank, published in 1871, and available from Project Gutenberg
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Bishop of Worcester
957–9 |
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Bishop of London
958–9 |
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Archbishop of Canterbury
959–88 |
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