Dr. Ludwig Pastor’s “History of the Popes from the Close of the Middle A...


One gets a look at Clement VIII (1592-1605) as he deals with the French and Spanish conflicts and quests for dominance. Clement fears Spanish caesaro-papalism (Emperor over the Pope) and also fear the establishment of a French national, independent church like England. The Jesuits are involved in varied affairs including missions to the far east and the Americas.

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