Edward Cairns, Ph.D.. "Christianity Though the Centuries." Crusaders & R...

22. Crusaders and Reformers. There are five migratory Crusades from 1095-1229), driven by religious, economic, trade and political factors. Crusade 1-1095 as urged by Pope Urban 11 at Clermont; by 1099, they held Constantinople, Nicea, Antioch and Jerusalem. Crusade 2—ultimately a failure and preached by Bernard of Clairvaux, it initially recovered the fiefdom of Edessa. Crusade 3 (1189-1192), known as the “King’s Crusade”—Philip of France, Richard of England, and Emperor Frederick. While Saladin held the ground, an agreement with Richard allowed pilgrims access to Jerusalem. Crusade 4—the recapture of Egypt which brought the East back under the Pope after 150 years of independence. Crusade 5 (1229)—resulted in a treaty to allow pilgrims access to Jerusalem, Nazareth and Bethlehem with overall Saracen lordship. The Crusades stimulated trade, weakened feudalism (noblemen underwriting the ventures by land sales, etc.), strengthen centralized governments, enhanced Papal prestige, and stimulated the study of Near Eastern, Arabic sciences and literature. Monastic reform came with the Cistercians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinian canons (12th century), a rekindling for reforms after the Cluniac movement of the 10^th century.